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A course in mechanical drawing
A course in mechanical drawing
Ringwald, Siegfried Carl
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A COURSE IN MECHANICAL DRAWING A P ro je c t P re se n te d to th e F a c u lty o f th e School o f E d u c a tio n T he U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a In P a r t ia l F u lfillm e n t o f th e R e q u ire m e n ts f o r th e D eg ree M a ste r o f S c ie n c e i n E d u c a tio n by S i e g f r i e d C a r l R in g w a ld June 1 950 UMI Number: EP46033 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI EP46033 Published by ProQuest LLC (2014). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 >V y K l=£ 's '© d s l * '5 ^ A v>* This project report, written under the direction of the candidate’s adviser and approved hy him , has been presented to and accepted by the Faculty of the School of Education in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of M aster of Science in Education . A dviser Dean ii TABLE OP CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE PART I . THE STRUCTURE HOW TO DRAW THE BASIC PARTS OF YOUR COTTAGE HOW TO DRAW THE PLOT P L A N ........................................ . 1* SCALE: . . . 2 How t o s e l e c t t h e p r o p e r s c a l e t o u se i n y o u r d ra w in g ............................. 2 2. PLACING: How t o f a s t e n y o u r d r a w i n g . . . . 2 3. How t o s h a r p e n y o u r p e n c i l • • • • • • • • . 4 4. POSITION: 5. LEAD: How t o h o l d t h e p e n c i l ..................... 4 How t o s e l e c t t h e p e n c i l w i t h t h e c o r r e c t d eg ree o f h a rd n e ss . . . ; 5 6. How t o u s e t h e T - s q u a r e ........................• • • • • 5 7. TESTING: 5 8. How t o t r y o u t t h e How t o u s e t r i a n g l e s T -sq uare . . . ........................................ 5 9. How t o draw a n g l e s o f 15 an d 75 d e g r e e s . . 10. How t o u s e t h e s c a l e ................................• • • • • 6 11. How t o r u l e l i n e s 6 12. How t o d r a w t h e b o r d e r l i n e s 13. . • • . • • • • • • • • • 6 • • • • • • • 7 How t o e r a s e p e n c i l l i n e s ................................ 7 14. How t o d i m e n s i o n y o u r p l a t e .............................. . 8 15. How t o d ra w a r r o w h e a d s ..................................... 16. HEADING: 17. How t o l e t t e r How t o l a y o u t t h e . 1. title 9 . . . . 9 ........................................ 10 iii CHAPTER 18. PAGE SPACING: How t o s e t up y o u r d r a w i n g f o r t h e p l o t p l a n .................................................. • 10 19. How t o d ra w t h e c o t t a g e ................................... 11 20. REGULATIONS: How t o c o m p ly w i t h b u i l d i n g c o d e r u l e s i n y o u r d r a w in g 2. FOUNDATION AND SIL L : WALL SECTION 5. ................................................................................ 15 How t o s e t up y o u r d r a w i n g 15 SPACING: 2. How t o d raw t h e c o n c r e t e f o o t i n g 3. How t o d ra w t h e c o n c r e t e p o s t 5. . . . . . . . . . . • • • • TOUCHING UP: How t o f i n i s h y o u r d r a w in g 17 17 How t o d ra w t h e s i l l .................................................. 17 • 19 ........................................................................... 20 FOUNDATION AND SIL L : CENTER SECTION 4. 11 HOW TO DRAW THE 1. 4. . . . HOW TO DRAW THE 1. SPACING: How t o s e t up y o u r d r a w i n g . . . 20 2. How t o d raw t h e c o n c r e t e f o o t i n g 3. How t o d ra w t h e c o n c r e t e p o s t ........................ ....... 4. How t o d ra w t h e s i l l 5. TOUCHING UP: • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • How t o f i n i s h y o u r d r a w in g LAYOUT: How t o s p a c e y o u r d r a w i n g 2. How t o d raw t h e f r o n t p o r c h 22 22 . HOW TO DRAW THE FLOOR P L A N .................................................. 1. 22 23 25 . • • • 25 • 25 iv CHAPTER 3. 4. PAGE How t o l a y o u t t h e l i v i n g ro o m . . . . . . . BEDROOM DOOR: How t o d raw t h e d o o r b e tw e e n t h e l i v i n g room a n d t h e b e d ro o m 5. 27 . . 27 s e p a r a t i n g t h e l i v i n g room a n d t h e k i t c h e n • 27 KITCHEN DOOR: How t o d ra w t h e d o o r 6* How t o l a y o u t t h e b e d r o o m ............................. 7* How t o l a y o u t t h e c l o s e t 8. How t o l a y o u t t h e k i t c h e n ............................. 9. How t o d raw t h e b a c k p o r c h 10. TOUCHING UP: How t o f i n i s h y o u r d r a w i n g 11. FUTURE HOME: How t o f o l l o w a p r o c e d u r e . . . 28 . . . . . . 28 28 ...................................... . 29 29 f o r d ra w in g t h e f l o o r p l a n s f o r th e 5. home y o u i n t e n d t o b u i l d ...................................... 29 HOW TO DRAW THE GABLE SIDE E L E V A T I O N ....................... 33 1. OUTLINE: How t o s e t up y o u r e l e v a t i o n d r a w i n g ................................................................................... • • • • 33 2. How t o d ra w t h e c h i m n e y ........................ .. 3. How t o d ra w t h e s c r e e n e d o p e n i n g s ...................... 35 4. How t o d r a w t h e l e f t windows ............................... 35 5. How t o d ra w t h e r i g h t w i n d o w s ............................... 36 6. How t o draw t h e b e v e l e d s i d i n g .......................... 36 7. How t o draw t h e l o u v e r .............................................. 36 8. How t o d ra w t h e r o o f d e t a i l s ............................... 35 36 V CHAPTER 9. 6. PAGE How t o d ra w t h e c e m e n t s t e p s ...............................37 10* How t o d ra w t h e r a i l i n g ........................... •• . . 37 11* TOUCHING UP: How t o f i n i s h y o u r d r a w i n g . . 37 HOW TO DRAW THE FRONT E L E V A T IO N .............................................. 39 1* SPACING: How t o s e t u p y o u r d r a w i n g . . . 2. How t o d raw t h e s c r e e n e d o p e n i n g s 3* How t o d ra w t h e l e f t w i n d o w s ................... *. • 4. How t o d ra w t h e r i g h t w indow s 5* How t o d ra w t h e c h im n e y 6. COMPLETION: 7. FUTURE HOME: . . . . . . . 39 41 . 41 ................................... 42 .................................................. 42 How t o f i n i s h y o u r d r a w in g . • 42 How t o f o l l o w a s t e p b y s t e p p r o c e d u r e f o r d ra w in g th e e l e v a t i o n p l a n s f o r t h e home y o u p l a n t o b u i l d ...........................42 7. 8. CORNICE DETAILS: HOW TO DRAW THE SECTION 1. OUTLINE: How t o s p a c e y o u r d r a w i n g 2. How t o show t h e s t u d .................... . 3# How t o d ra w t h e r a f t e r s 4. How t o d ra w t h e j o i s t s 5. COMPLETION: CORNICE DETAILS: . . . . 45 • • • . 45 ................................... 47 ........................ • • . • • . . . . . . . . . . . 47 47 How t o f i n i s h y o u r d r a w in g . . . 48 HOW TO DRAW THE ELEVATION . . . 49 1. SPACING: How t o l a y o u t y o u r d r a w i n g 2. How t o d ra w t h e r o o f . . . . 49 .................................................. 49 vi CHAPTER 3. PAGE TOUCHING. UP: How t o f i n i s h y o u r d r a w i n g . . 51 PART I I . HOW TO DRAW THE DETAILS 9. 10. HOW TO DRAW THE WINDOW AND LOUVER 1. SPACING: 2. How t o d raw t h e window 3. How t o draw th e lo u v e r 4. COMPLETION: How t o l a y o u t y o u r w indow SPACING: . . . . ............................................ 56 . • 56 ...................................................................59 How t o l a y o u t t h e o u t l i n e o f y o u r d o o r .................................. 11. 54 54 How t o f i n i s h y o u r d r a w i n g HOW TO DRAW THE DOOR 1. .................................... 54 . 59 How t o d ra w t h e p a r t s o f y o u r d o o r 59 2. DETAILS: 3. TOUCHING UP: How t o f i n i s h y o u r d r a w i n g . • 61 HOW TO DRAW THE WOODWORK D E T A IL S .......................................... 63 1. LAYOUT: How t o s e t u p y o u r d r a w i n g . . . . 63 2. How t o d raw t h e b e v e l e d s i d i n g ............................. 3. How t o draw t h e c ro w n m o l d .............................................. 63 4. How t o d ra w t h e d r i p c a p ............................................ 5. How t o d ra w t h e t h r e e p i e c e b a s e .................................. 65 6. How t o d ra w t h e window t r i m ......................................... 65 7. CONCLUSION: 63 65 How t o b r i n g y o u r woodw ork d e t a i l s t o a n e n d ................................................................... 66 v ii CHAPTER 12. PAGE HOW TO DRAW THE PLAN S Y M B O L S .............................. 1. LAYOUT: 2. How t o d ra w t h e i n s i d e d o o r ......................... 3* How t o d raw t h e o u tsid e door . . • • • • • 69 4. How t o d raw t h e d o u b l e h u n g w indow s . . . . 71 5. How t o d ra w t h e p o l e and c u r t a i n 71 6. How t o d raw t h e g r o u p w i n d o w s ................................ 71 7. How t o d raw t h e c h i m n e y .............................................. 71 8. How t o d ra w t h e e l e c t r i c • 71 9* How t o d raw t h e k i t c h e n s y m b o l s ........................... 72 10. How t o s p a c e y o u r d r a w in g 69 COMPLETION: . . . • 69 • • • • ♦ s y m b o ls 69 . . • . How t o f i n i s h y o u r d r a w in g • 72 . 76 PART I I I . HOW TO MAKE YOUR PLANS READY FOR INSPECTION 15. HOW TO MAKE TRACINGS OF YOUR COUNTRY COTTAGE 1. How t o s e t u p a p e n c il tra c in g 2. How t o m a i n t a i n a c o n t r a s t b e tw e e n l i n e s 3. How t o a v b i d sm u d g in g s o f t p e n c i l l i n e s 4. How t o f i l l 5. How t o r u l e l i n e s i n i n k ........................................ 6. INKING: . 76 77 y o u r p e n ................................................... 77 How t o f o l l o w a p r o c e d u r e . 76 . i n k in g y o u r d ra w in g 7. • • • • • . fo r ................................................. How t o make i n k t r a c i n g s 78 . • • • • • • • • 78 79 viii CHAPTER 14. PAGE HOW TO MAKE BLUEPRINTS OF YOUR D R A W IN G ........................... 83 1. How t o e x p o s e t h e p a p e r .................................................. 83 2. How t o d e v e l o p t h e d r a w i n g ......................... 84 ix LIST OP BLUEPRINTS EXHIBIT PAGE A. PLOT P L A N .............................................................................................. B. FOUNDATION AND S I L L .......................................................................... 16 C. FOUNDATION CENTERSECTION D. FLOOR P L A N .............................. . E. GABLE SIDE ELEVATION...........................................................................34 F. FRONT E L E V A T I O N .................................................................................... 40 G. CORNICE S E C T I O N .....................................................................................46 H. CORNICE E L E V A T I O N ................................................................................50 I. WINDOW AND L O U V E R ............................................................................... 55 J. DOOR K. WOODWORK D E T A I L S .......................................................... L. PLAN SIM B O L S.............................................................................................. 70 ......................................................... 3 21 ................................................................ 26 ................................. 60 64 x PREFACE TO THE STUDENT T h is c o u rs e o u t l i n e i s i n t e n d e d t o s e r v e tw o p u r p o s e s : ( 1 ) To g i v e y o u d e f i n i t e d i r e c t i o n s f o r d r a w i n g t h e c o n s tr u c tio n p la n s f o r your f u tu r e c o u n try c o tta g e . ( 2 ) To g i v e y o u e x p e r i e n c e i n d r a w i n g p l a n s f o r a t y p i c a l home y o u may p l a n t o b u i l d i n t h e f u t u r e . Each c h a p te r i s d ra w in g p l a n s . an i n t e g r a l p a r t o f t h e c o m p l e t e You may l a t e r f i n d u s e f o r t h e s e p l a n s o r y o u may h o p e t o r e v i s e th e m . In e i t h e r c ase th ey w ill s e rv e you w ith a b a s i c u n d e rs ta n d in g o f th e lan g u a g e o f th e a r c h i t e c t an d o f f e r y o u a m eans f o r d r a w i n g b a s i c h o u s e d e s i g n s t h a t y o u may some d a y b r i n g i n t o r e a l i t y . E v e r y u n i t i n t h e c o u r s e h a s d e t a i l e d d i r e c t i o n s w h ic h s h o u l d be c a r e f u l l y r e a d b e f o r e y o u b e g i n t h e a c t u a l d r a w in g o f y o u r p l a t e s . xi PREFACE TO THE TEACHER The aim o f t h i s p r o j e c t i s t o p r o v i d e s u i t a b l e m e th o d s i n d e v e l o p i n g t h e b e g i n n i n g p u p i l 1s a b i l i t y b a sic p rin c ip le s o f m e c h a n i c a l d r a w in g * to u t i l i z e th e The d r a w i n g o f p l a n s f o r a c o u n t r y c o t t a g e i s t h e m eans f o r c o m p l e t i n g th is p u rp o se. The c o u r s e i s d i v i d e d i n t o f o u r t e e n c h a p t e r s , e a c h c h a p t e r r e p r e s e n t i n g a b a s i c p a r t o f home c o n s t r u c t i o n . M e th o d s f o r c o m p l e t i n g e a c h d r a w i n g a r e c l e a r l y d e f i n e d in each c h a p te r. T h r o u g h o u t t h e s y l l a b u s a d i r e c t p r o b l e m a p p r o a c h was used. D i f f i c u l t i e s f a c e d b y t h e s t u d e n t s w e re w r i t t e n b y th e w r i t e r , s t u d e n t s , and o t h e r t e a c h e r s . w e re s u p p l e m e n t e d b y l i s t s c o m m u n ity . These l i s t s from m a tu re p e o p le i n th e P r o b le m s w e re c o l l e c t e d b y m eans o f s l i p s , p o o l e d an d m e t h o d i c a l l y a r r a n g e d t o f o r m a b a s i s f o r t h e w ritin g o f th is p r o je c t. Each c h a p te r i s o rg a n iz e d w ith a m o t i v a t i o n , p r e s e n t a t i o n , p e r f o r m a n c e an d e v a l u a t i o n se c tio n . T h i s o r g a n i z a t i o n was f o r m u l a t e d t o a s s i s t t h e i n s t r u c t o r in te a c h in g th e u n i t. In p r e p a r a tio n o f t h i s p r o je c t th e a u th o r i s g la d to make t h e f o l l o w i n g a c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s : To my w i f e E va R i n g w a l d , who p r o o f r e a d and t y p e d t h e w o r k , t o D o c t o r C l a u d e C r a w f o r d , x ii my p r o f e s s o r a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a who gave v a lu a b le a s s i s t a n c e i n o r g a n i z in g and p l a n n i n g th e c o n te n t of th e p r o j e c t , t o W i l l i a m C r a b t r e e and J e r r y L o p o s s a , s t u d e n t s a t J e f f e r s o n J u n i o r H ig h S c h o o l , Long B e a c h , C a l i f o r n i a , who made t h e t r a c i n g s o f t h e e x h i b i t s , t o M r. R o la n d T h o m as, t e a c h e r a t W i l s o n H ig h S c h o o l , Long B e a c h , C a l i f o r n i a , who made t h e b l u e p r i n t s , and t o th e s t u d e n t s i n t h e 59 0 P r o j e c t S e m in a r who w e re h e l p f u l i n t h e i r many s u g g e s t i o n s . 1 PART I* TEE STRUCTURE HOW TO DRAW THE BASIC PARTS OP YOUR COTTAGE The b a s i s o f y o u r h o u s e i s t h e f o u n d a t i o n a n d e x t e r i o r stru c tu re * Upon t h e s e f e a t u r e s r e s t s com fort o f th e o c c u p a n ts . th e s e c u r i t y and Have y o u e v e r t h o u g h t a b o u t t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f y o u r own home? Have y o u w o n d e re d a b o u t t h e m y s t e r i e s o f f o u n d a t i o n s and f l o o r p l a n s ? Do y o u f e e l t h a t d r a w in g s k i l l c a n o n l y b e a c q u i r e d t h r o u g h y e a r s o f p r a c t i c e ? The n e x t e i g h t c h a p t e r s w i l l show y o u t h a t i t i m m e d ia te p o w e r t o d r a w y o u r own h o u s e p l a n s . i s w ith in your T hey w i l l o f f e r you e x a c t s p e c i f i c a t i o n s t h a t w i l l s e r v e you i n th e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f y o u r own hom e. The d r a w i n g s h a v e b e e n d e s i g n e d t o com ply w i t h t h e b u i l d i n g c o d e s p e c i f i c a t i o n s o f Long B e a c h , C a l i f o r n i a . A t t h e same t i m e t h e y may s e r v e y o u a s a b a s i s f o r y o u r own s p e c i a l h o u s e p l a n s w h ic h may d i f f e r f r o m t h e s e p l a n s i n some r e s p e c t s . CHAPTER 1 HOW TO DRAW THE PLOT PLAN A, MOTIVATION: R e w a rd s t h a t w i l l r e s u l t f r o m a w e l l d esig n ed p l o t p la n , 1. EASY CONSTRUCTION: M isu n d e rsta n d in g s in c o n s tr u c t i o n l o c a t i o n w i l l b e a v o i d e d w i t h w e l l d ra w n p l o t p la n s. 2. APPROVAL OP PLANS: w i l l be th e first A c c u r a t e l y d ra w n p l o t p l a n s s te p in th e a p p ro v al of your c o tt a g e p lan s* 3. HOME SECURITY: A m i l l i o n d o l l a r h o t e l was o r d e r e d d e s t r o y e d b y t h e c o u r t b e c a u s e i t d i d n o t c o m p ly w ith b u ild i n g code r e g u la tio n s * B* DIRECTIONS: Some h e l p f u l h i n t s o n how t o d ra w your p l o t p lan * 1. SCALE: How to s e l e c t th e p ro p er s c a le to use in y o u r d ra w in g . a. Use 1 / 4 i n c h e q u a l s 1 f o o t i n a l l b u i l d i n g d ra w in g s u n l e s s i t i s o th e rw ise s t a te d in th e d ire c tio n s• b* Use l / 8 in c h e q u a ls 1 f o o t in your p l o t p la n . ( S e e E x h i b i t A) 2. PLACING: a. How t o f a s t e n y o u r d r a w i n g . L ay t h e p a p e r on t h e b o a r d a b o u t 1 i n c h f r o m I —♦# -35-0 r ■ 2^0 ■ **r -5 -6 ItaMH IT i EXHIBIT A. - PLOT PLAN - SCAEE g“ * I FOOT th e l e f t e d g e o f t h e d r a w in g b. U se p a p e r c. H o ld t h e th e l e f t Q& i n c h e s w id e a n d h e a d o f th e b o ard . 11 i n c h e s l o n g . T -sq u are firm ly a g a in s t edge o f t h e d ra w in g b o ard w ith th e u p p e r edge o f t h e b la d e a b o u t 4 in c h e s from th e b o tto m o f t h e b o a r d . d. H o ld t h e T - s q u a r e and p a p e r i n p l a c e a n d f a s t e n th e u p p e r c o r n e r s o f th e s h e e t w ith thumb t a c k s . e. Do n o t f a s t e n t h e l o w e r e d g e s o f t h e p ap er. How t o s h a r p e n y o u r p e n c i l . a. C u t away t h e wood on a 1 i n c h l o n g s l o p e . b. Do n o t c u t t h e l e a d . c. E x p o se t h e l e a d by l / 4 d. Rub t h e l e a d b a c k a n d f o r t h o n a s a n d p a p e r in ch . u n t i l you have shaped a c o n ic a l p o i n t . e. Remove t h e e x c e s s p a r t i c l e s o f g r a p h i t e b y w ip in g th e le a d w ith a f. N e v er s h a r p e n a p e n c i l POSITION: a. b. c lo th . o v e r th e d ra w in g b o a r d . How t o h o l d y o u r p e n c i l . H o ld t h e p e n c i l 1 i n c h f r o m t h e p o i n t . I n c l i n e t h e p e n c i l 10 d e g r e e s i n t h e d ire c tio n i n w h ic h y o u d ra w y o u r l i n e s . c. H o ld t h e p e n c i l l o o s e l y b e tw e e n t h e f i r s t tw o f i n g e r s , t h e thum b and w ith th e t i p s o f th e 5 t h i r d and f o u r t h f i n g e r s d. to u c h in g th e T -s q u a re . T u rn t h e p e n c i l s l o w l y b e t w e e n t h e f i n g e r s a s t h e l i n e i s b e in g draw n. 5. LEAD: How t o s e l e c t t h e p e n c i l w i t h t h e c o r r e c t d eg ree of h a rd n e s s . ( P e n c i l s a r e made i n 17 g r a d e s of h ard n ess) a. Use a 5H o r 6H p e n c i l f o r l a y o u t o r c o n s t r u c tio n lin e s . b. Use a n H o r 2H f o r l e t t e r i n g a n d a c c e n t i n g o r d a rk e n in g l i n e s . 6. How t o u s e t h e T - s q u a r e . a. P la c e th e head o f th e T -sq u a re f i r m l y a t th e l e f t edge o f th e d ra w in g b o a r d . b. Draw h o r i z o n t a l l i n e s on t h e u p p e r e d g e o f t h e b l a d e an d fr o m l e f t t o r i g h t . 7. TESTING: How t o t r y o u t t h e T - s q u a r e . a. R u le a l i n e b e tw e e n tw o f i x e d p o i n t s . b. T u rn t h e T - s q u a r e u p s i d e down and r u l e a n o th e r l i n e b e t w e e n t h e same tw o p o i n t s , u s i n g t h e same e d g e a s b e f o r e . I f th e edge i s t r u e , o n ly one l i n e w i l l a p p e a r . c. D i s c a r d t h e T - s q u a r e i f tw o l i n e s a p p e a r w i t h m ore t h a n 1 /1 6 i n c h d i f f e r e n c e . 8. How t o u s e t r i a n g l e s . a. P la c e th e t r i a n g l e a g a in s t th e u p p e r edge of th© T - s q u a r e . b. H o ld t h e t r i a n g l e i n p l a c e w i t h t h e l e f t h a n d , w h ic h a l s o h o l d s t h e T - s q u a r e a g a i n s t t h e b o a r d . c. P l a c e t h e thum b and p a lm o f t h e h a n d u p o n t h e T -s q u a re and u se t h e f i n g e r s t o c o n t r o l th e tria n g le . 9. ANGLES: How t o d raw a n g l e s o f 15 an d 75 d e g r e e s . a. H o ld t h e 45 d e g r e e t r i a n g l e b. P la c e th e 30-60 d e g re e t r i a n g l e a g a in s t th e a g a in s t th e T -sq u are. 45 d e g r e e t r i a n g l e . c. Draw a l o n g t h e u p p e r e d g e o f t h e 3 0 - 6 0 d e g r e e tria n g le . d. R e v erse th e p o s i t i o n o f th e 3 0-60 d e g re e t r i a n g l e t o d ra w t h e 75 d e g r e e a n g l e . 1 0 .. 11. How t o u s e t h e s c a l e . a. S harpen your p e n c il t o a s h a rp p o i n t . b. P l a c e t h e s c a l e a l o n g t h e l i n e t o be m e a s u r e d . c. Look down o v e r t h e s c a l e . d. Mark o f f th e d im e n sio n w ith y o u r p e n c i l . e. H o ld th e p e n c il in a v e r t i c a l p o s it io n . How t o r u l e l i n e s . a. Use t h e u p p e r e d g e o f t h e T - s q u a r e . b. H o ld t h e h e a d o f t h e T - s q u a r e a g a i n s t t h e l e f t edge o f th e b o a rd w ith th e l e f t h an d. c. Move t h e p e n c i l f r o m l e f t to r i g h t. 7 12. How t o d ra w t h e b o r d e r l i n e s . a. F a s t e n a n 8 1 / 2 x 11 i n c h s h e e t o f d r a w in g p a p e r t o th e d ra w in g b o a r d . b. P l a c e t h e s c a l e v e r t i c a l l y on t h e p a p e r and make s h o r t l i g h t d a s h e s o p p o s i t e t h e 5 / 8 i n c h and 8 l / 8 c. in c h m arks. P l a c e t h e s c a l e h o r i z o n t a l l y on t h e p a p e r a n d make a s h o r t d a s h a t t h e 3 / 8 i n c h and 10 5 / 8 in c h m arks. d. Draw v e r y l i g h t h o r i z o n t a l l i n e s th ro u g h th e 5 / 8 i n c h and 8 1 / 8 i n c h d a s h e s . e. Draw t h e t o p b o r d e r l i n e s . f. Draw v e r y l i g h t v e r t i c a l l i n e s t h r o u g h t h e 3 / 8 i n c h an d 11 l / 8 g. in c h d a sh e s. D arken th e h o r i z o n t a l l i n e s t o t h e i r p r o p e r le n g th . 13. h. Use a s o f t p e n c i l s u c h a s a n H o r 2H. i. D arken th e v e r t i c a l l i n e s t o t h e i r p ro p e r l e n g t h . How t o e r a s e p e n c i l l i n e s . a. Use l i g h t p e n c i l l i n e s u n t i l y o u a r e c e r t a i n t h a t y o u r w o rk i s c o rre c t. b. Remove a l l i n s t r u m e n t s f r o m y o u r b o a r d . c. C lea n th e e r a s e r b e f o r e u s in g i t by ru b b in g i t on a p i e c e o f w a s t e p a p e r . d. H o ld t h e thumb a n d f o r e f i n g e r i n s u c h p o s i t i o n 8 n e a r t h e a r e a t o be e r a s e d , t h a t th e d ra w in g w i l l n o t b e t o r n or w rin k le d d u r in g th e e ra sin g . e. Use a n e r a s i n g s h i e l d t o p r o t e c t a d j o i n i h g lin e s . (1 ) H o ld t h e s h i e l d f i r m l y i n p l a c e o v e r t h e lin e an d p r o c e e d t o e r a s e t h r o u g h t h e o p e n in g . (2) P ro te c t th e a d jo in in g l in e w ith a p ie c e o f p a p e r i f you do n o t h a v e a n e r a s i n g s h ie ld . f. Wipe t h e w h o le d r a w i n g b o a r d f r e e o f a l l p a r t i c l e s w ith a c le a n c lo th . 14. How t o d i m e n s i o n y o u r p l a t e . a. Do n o t d r a w a d i m e n s i o n l i n e th ro u g h a f i g u r e . b. Draw t h e d i v i s i o n l i n e o f f r a c t i o n s i n l i n e w ith th e d im e n sio n l i n e . c. Draw i n c h a n d f o o t m a rk s a s s h o r t v e r t i c a l lin e s. d. Draw d i m e n s i o n s u p t o 72 i n c h e s i n i n c h e s . e. I n c l u d e d i m e n s i o n s g r e a t e r t h a n 72 i n c h e s i n f e e t and i n c h e s . f. P la c e o v e r a l l d im e n sio n s o u t s i d e th e d e t a i l d im e n sio n s• g. D on*t d u p l i c a t e d im e n sio n s i n d i f f e r e n t v iew s. 9 h. P l a c e d i m e n s i o n f i g u r e s o u t s i d e t h e d r a w in g its e lf* i* 15* D o n ft u se a c e n t e r l i n e as a d im en sio n lin e * How t o d ra w a r r o w h e a d s * a* Draw a r r o w s a t t h e p o i n t w h e r e t h e d i m e n s i o n lin e s to u ch th e e x te n s io n l i n e s . b* Draw t h e a r r o w s n a r r o w and n o t w i d e . c. Draw t h e d i m e n s i o n l i n e f i r s t . d. P la c e your p e n c il p o in t a t th e en d , fo llo w in g t h e l i n e f o r a s h o r t d i s t a n c e a n d t h e n w o rk away f r o m i t * e* Draw t h e l e n g t h o f t h e a r r o w h e a d t h r e e t i m e s i t s w id th . f. Draw a r r o w s l o n g e r i n a l a r g e d r a w i n g t h a n i n a sm a ll d ra w in g . g. 16* Make a r r o w h e a d s l / 8 HEADING: i n c h l o n g i n s m a l l d r a w in g s * How t o l a y o u t t h e t i t l e . a* W rite o u t th e t i t l e b. Count th e l e t t e r s i n lo n g h a n d . in each lin e in c lu d in g th e s p a c e s b e tw e e n w o rd s. c. P la c e th e c e n te r o f each l i n e o f l e t t e r i n g th e c e n t e r l i n e o f th e t i t l e d. L e tte r th e t i t l e on strip . b y w o rk in g o u t fro m th e c e n te r l in e in b o th d i r e c t i o n s . e. E r a s e p a r t s t h a t a r e o u t o f b a la n c e and r e l e t t e r A 10 in p e n c il. 17. How t o l e t t e r . a. Use t h e s i n g l e s t r o k e g o t h i c l e t t e r s . b. Draw v e r y l i g h t g u i d e l i n e s . c. Use t h e Ames l e t t e r i n g i n s t r u m e n t t o d ra w g u id e lin e s. d. Draw a l l l e t t e r s s o t h a t t h e y l o o k e. Draw a l l l e t t e r s w i t h a u n i f o r m s l a n t . f. Space l e t t e r s i n w o rd s s o t h a t t h e b a la n c e d . sp aces lo o k t h e sam e. g. Make t h e s p a c e s b e tw e e n w o rd s l a r g e r t h a n th e s p a c e s b e tw e e n l e t t e r s . h. Draw s m a l l l e t t e r s 2 /3 as t a l l as c a p i t a l le tte rs i n t h e same w o r d . i. 18. C o n s u lt y o u r te x tb o o k f o r e x a m p le s. SPACING: p la n . a. How t o s e t u p y o u r d r a w i n g f o r t h e p l o t ( S e e E x h i b i t A .) F a s t e n a n 8 1 / 2 x 11 i n c h s h e e t o f p a p e r on y o u r d ra w in g b o a r d . b. Draw t h e b o r d e r l i n e s 3 / 8 i n c h e s w i d e . c. M e a s u re 3 1 /1 6 i n c h e s fro m t h e l e f t h a n d b o r d e r . d. S c a l e 1 3 / 4 i n c h e s fr o m t h e t o p b o r d e r a n d 1 3 /8 in c h e s from th e b o tto m b o r d e r . e. M e a s u re 3 1 /1 6 i n c h e s f r o m t h e r i g h t h a n d f. Draw t h e o u t l i n e f o r y o u r l o t . b o rd er. A 19. How t o d raw t h e c o t t a g e . a. M e a s u re 5 f e e t 6 i n c h e s f r o m a l l s i d e s o f t h e lo t. b. Draw t h e o u t l i n e f o r y o u r c o t t a g e . c. Show a r r o w s u p a n d down t o d e s i g n a t e t h e s l o p e of th e ro o f. d. 20. Draw t h e t i t l e REGULATIONS: and s c a l e o f y o u r d ra w in g . How t o co m p ly w i t h b u i l d i n g c o d e r e g u l a t i o n s i n y o u r d ra w in g . a. Draw t h e a r e a o f y o u r d r a w i n g l e s s t h a n l / 2 of th e a re a of your l o t . b. Make t h e r e a r y a r d d e p t h 1 0 $ o f t h e d e p t h o f th e l o t , b u t i n no e v e n t l e s s th a n 5 f e e t . c. C. Draw y o u r l o t w i t h a minimum 4 f o o t s i d e y a r d . ACTIVITY: P r o j e c t s t o c o m p l e t e 1. Draw your p lo t p la n . th e p l o t p la n o f your c o u n try c o tta g e in th e o rd er s p e c ifie d in th e d ir e c tio n s s e c tio n . ( S e e E x h i b i t A) 2. Draw th e p l o t p la n o f your c o u n try sc a le 3. o f 3 /1 6 i n c h e q u a l s 1 f o o t . to b u ild . EVALUATION: 1. to a Draw a p l o t p l a n f o r a o n e s t o r y d w e l l i n g y o u w o u ld lik e D. c o tta g e How t o g r a d e y o u r d r a w i n g . TRUE-FALSE: P la c e an X i n t h e c o r r e c t sp a ce f o r 12 tru e or fa lse * T a. F )( The b e s t s c a l e t o u s e i n m a k in g a r c h i t e c t u r a l d ra w in g s i s l / 4 in ch eq u als 1 f o o t. b. )( You s h o u l d t a c k t h e l o w e r e d g e o f y o u r p a p e r t o t h e d ra w in g b o a r d . )( You s h o u l d e x p o s e t h e l e a d b y 1 / 4 i n c h i n sh a rp e n in g yo u r p e n c i l . d. )( I t is in c o r r e c t to h o ld th e p e n c il 1 i n c h from th e p o i n t . e. )( I t is f. )( The b e s t p e n c i l t o u s e f o r l a y o u t l i n e s is h. in c o rre c t to g rip th e p e n c il t i g h t . an H p e n c i l . )( You s h o u l d u s e a 6H p e n c i l f o r l e t t e r i n g . )( I t i s i n c o r r e c t t o draw v e r t i c a l l i n e s w ith a T -sq u are . i. )( I t i s w ise t o r u l e l i n e s fro m l e f t to r ig h t. J. )( You s h o u l d u s e a 5H p e n c i l f o r d a rk e n in g b o rd e r l i n e s . k* )( You s h o u l d d i m e n s i o n a d i s t a n c e o f 52 i n c h e s i n f e e t a n d i n c h e s . 1. )( I t i s n e c e s s a r y to d u p l i c a t e d im en sio n s i n d i f f e r e n t v iew s. m. ( )( ) You s h o u l d p l a c e d i m e n s i o n f i g u r e s o u ts id e th e d ra w in g , n. ( )( ) You s h o u l d d raw t h e l e n g t h o f t h e arro w h ead f o u r tim e s i t s o. ( )( w id th , ) I t i s w i s e t o make a r r o w s 1 / 4 i n c h lo n g i n sm a ll d ra w in g s , p. ( )( ) You s h o u l d d ra w s m a l l l e t t e r s 2 / 3 a s ta ll q. ( )( as c a p i t a l l e t t e r s , ) I t i s n e c e s s a ry to p la n th e a re a o f y o u r h o u s e t o b e l e s s t h e n 60 p e r c e n t of th e a re a of your l o t . r. ( )( ) You s h o u l d d raw t h e r e a r l o t d e p t h t o ex ceed 20 p e r c e n t o f th e d e p th o f th e lo t. s. ( )(.) You s h o u l d d ra w y o u r l o t w i t h a minimum fo u r fo o t sid e y a rd , t. ( )( ) I t is a lw a y s p e r m i s s a b l e t o d u p l i c a t e d im e n sio n s i n d i f f e r e n t v ie w s. RATING SCALE: Mark 5 i f t h e i t e m r a n k s i n t h e t o p t e n p e r c e n t o f t h e c l a s s , 4 i f i t r a n k s b e tw e e n t h e t o p 25 a n d 10 p e r c e n t , 3 i f i t r a n k s b e t w e e n t h e u p p e r 5 0 , a n d 25 p e r c e n t , 2 i f i t r a n k s b e tw e e n t h e l o w e r 25 and 50 p e r c e n t , a n d 1 i f i t ran k s b e lo w t h e l o w e r 25 p e r c e n t . a. ( ) LETTERING: Use t h e t q x t b o o k l e t t e r s as a ACCURACY: Use t h e r u l e r t o c h e c k t h e m ea su re m e n ts o f e a c h p a r t w ith t h e b l u e p r i n t # DIMENSIONS AND ARROWHEADS: C heck th e d i m e n s i o n s w i t h t h e n u m b e rs i n t h e t e x t b o o k . A rrow heads s h o u ld be t h r e e tim e s a s lo n g a s t h e y a r e w ide# SHARPNESS OP LINES: L in e s sh o u ld be t h i n and d ark # CLEANLINESS OF DRAWING: TOTAL POINTS GIVEN. 15 CHAPTER 2 . FOUNDATION AND SILL HOW TO DRAW THE WALL SECTION A. MOTIVATION: G o a ls y o u may a c h i e v e I f y o u draw a w e l l p lan n e d w a ll s e c t i o n # 1. PROTECTION: The w a l l s e c t i o n m u s t b e a c c u r a t e l y d raw n t o c a r r y t h e w e i g h t o f y o u r c o t t a g e , 2. SPECIFICATIONS: W e ll d ra w n w a l l s e c t i o n w i l l g i v e y o u e x a c t s p e c i f i c a t i o n s when y o u b e g i n t o b u i l d your c o tta g e . 3. A CAREER: A c c u r a t e l y d ra w n f o u n d a t i o n p l a n s w i l l b e t h e s t a r t i n g p o i n t on a c a r e e r a s an a r c h i t e c t . B. DIRECTIONS: H e lp fu l h i n t s to fo llo w i n c o m p le tin g your w a ll s e c t i o n . 1. SPACING: a. Use 8 How t o s e t up y o u r d r a w i n g . 1 / 2 x 11 i n c h p a p e r . b. Draw t h e b o r d e r 3 / 8 i n c h w i d e . (See E x h ib i t c. Use t h e s c a l e 1 i n c h e q u a l s 1 f o o t f o r d r a w in g a l l p a r ts of your w a ll s e c tio n . d. Space th e w a ll s e c t i o n 3 1 /8 in c h e s from th e l e f t b o r d e r o f y o u r d ra w in g p a p e r . e. S p a c e y o u r d r a w i n g 3 i n c h e s fro m t h e r i g h t b o rd er. f. M e a s u re 1 1 5 / 1 6 i n c h e s fro m t h e t o p b o r d e r . g. M e a s u re 5 / 8 i n c h e s f r o m t h e b o t t o m b o r d e r . B .) v2/ 2X4" 1X6" SHEATHING— 7"6 La t h a n d p l 2 X 4 “ SOLE A *' , _ it | X 8 SI DIN . i g X 5 ' C O R N E R BOARDS 2 " X8 " J O I S T S -f LO NG Ko'O C. a s t e r *? J I X 4 " F I N I S H FLOOR BUILDING PAPE R l6 " O C . 2 ‘ X 8 BLOCK I N 3 £ ’" X 6 " S I L L H*BUILOI.M G PAPER s" x STUDS I0 " B O L T S 5 - 0 ' O C. SUB FLOOR HETAL T E R M I T E CONCRETE SHIELD WALL — I8''MINIMUM C learance GRADE LINE 3 C O N C R E T E FOOTI NG EXHIBIT 0 . - F O U N D A T IO N AND SI LL SCALE I "= I F O O T h. Draw i n t h e o u t l i n e f o r t h e w a l l s e c t i o n . How t o d ra w t h e c o n c r e t e f o o t i n g . a. Draw t h e c o n c r e t e f o o t i n g 12 i n c h e s l o n g a n d 6 in c h e s h ig h . (S ee E x h i b i t B .) These d i m e n s i o n s c o m p ly w i t h Dos A n g e l e s C o u n ty minimum r e q u i r e m e n t s . b. E x te n d t h e f o o t i n g a l o n g t h e l e n g t h o f y o u r d ra w in g i n d o t t e d l i n e s . How t o draw t h e c o n c r e t e p o s t . a. Draw t h e p o s t 2 5 / 8 i n c h e s h i g h a n d 6 i n c h e s w id e. b. Draw t h e g r a d e l i n e 1 l / 8 in c h e s from th e to p o f th e C o n c rete f o o t in g . ( N o te t h a t c i r c l e d d i m e n s i o n s a r e now d ra w n t o s c a l e . See E x h i b i t B. ) c. Draw t h e c o n c r e t e p o s t 22 i n c h e s f ro m t h e g r a d e lin e . (M u st e x t e n d 18 i n c h e s a b o v e t h e g r a d e l i n e t o c o m p ly w i t h t h e f e d e r a l h o u s i n g r e q u i r e m e n ts . ) d. B reak o f f th e c o n c r e te w a ll as i s show n i n E x h i b i t B. How t o d raw t h e s i l l . a. P la c e th e t e r m i t e s h i e l d b e tw e e n th e c o n c r e t e p o s t and th e w a ll s e c t i o n . b. Draw t h e s i l l 2 i n c h e s h i g h and 1 i n c h w i d e . 18 c. Draw t h e j o i s t s 2 i n c h e s b y 8 i n c h e s • d. Draw t h e b l o c k i n g 2 i n c h e s w id e a n d 8 i n c h e s h ig h . e. M e a su re t h e s u b f l o o r 1 i n c h th ic k . f. Draw t h e f i n i s h f l o o r 1 i n c h th ic k . g. In c lu d e a l i n e f o r b u i l d i n g p a p e r b e tw e e n t h e sub f l o o r and th e f i n i s h f l o o r . h. Draw t h e 3 p i e c e b a s e a c c o r d i n g t o E x h i b i t B. i. R e p r e s e n t t h e l a t h and p l a s t e r 1 i n c h t h i c k . ( L a t h s a r e a n y o f a num ber o f t h i n n a r r o w s t r i p s o f wood, n a i l e d t o r a f t e r s and c e i l i n g jo is ts t o make a g r o u n d w o r k f o r p l a s t e r i n g , j. Draw t h e s t u d 4 I n c h e s w i d e , k. E x te n d th e s t u d 1 5 /1 6 i n c h fro m t h e f i n i s h flo o r. 1. Draw ( c i r c l e d d im e n sio n ) th e s h e a th in g 1 in c h w id e . (S h e a th in g is t h e f i r s t c o v e r i n g o f b o a r d s on t h e o u t s i d e w a ll o f a fram e d w e l li n g .) m. Draw t h e s i d i n g 3 / 4 i n c h w id e and 8 i n c h e s l o n g , n. Draw th e c o rn e r b o ard 1 1 /8 in c h e s t h i c k , o. R e p r e s e n t 14 p o u n d b u i l d i n g p a p e r b e tw e e n t h e s h e a t h i n g and th e s i d i n g , p. Draw t h e b o l t 1 / 2 i n c h w i d e . q. E x te n d t h e b o l t 10 i n c h e s t h r o u g h t h e s i l l a n d c o n c re te w a ll. 19 r. Make a l l o t h e r p a r t s o f y o u r d ra w in g a c c o r d in g t o t h e s p e c i f i c a t i o n s on y o u r b l u e p r i n t * 5. TOUCHING UP: a. How t o f i n i s h y o u r d r a w i n g . D arken th e b o r d e r l i n e s and o u t l i n e o f y o u r d ra w in g . b. Draw i n a l l t h e d i m e n s i o n s . c. Label a l l p a rts o f y o u r d r a w i n g a s i s show n i n E x h i b i t B. d. C. L e t t e r in th e t i t l e ACTIVITY ASSIGNMENTS: and s c a l e . P r o j e c t s to c o m p lete y o u r w a ll se c tio n . 1. Draw t h e w a l l s e c t i o n t o t h e s c a l e show n i n E x h i b i t B. 2. Draw t h e w a l l s e c t i o n u s i n g 1 1 / 2 i n c h e s e q u a l s 1 fo o t. 3. Draw a w a l l s e c t i o n f o r t h e one f l o o r d w e l l i n g you p la n to b u ild . 4. S tu d y a l l o f th e p a r t s o f your b l u e p r i n t . Put y o u r d r a w i n g away and f o r memory s k e t c h t h e w a l l s e c t i o n l a b e l i n g a l l p a r t s on y o u r d r a w i n g . D. EVALUATION: A ra tin g s c a l e f o r c h e c k i n g u p on y o u r d ra w in g . 1. Use t h e r a t i n g s c a l e i n C h a p t e r 1 , p a g e 13 f o r g ra d in g your w a ll s e c tio n . 20 CHAPTER 3 . FOUNDATION AND SILL HOW TO DRAW THE CENTER SECTION A. MOTIVATION; R e w a rd s t h a t w i l l r e s u l t f r o m a w e l l p l a n n e d , c e n te r se c tio n * 1, A JOB: Good p l a n s w i l l g e t you a j o b when t h e y a re p r e s e n te d a t y o u r jo b in te r v ie w . 2# MORE MONEY: An a c c u r a t e l y d raw n f o u n d a t i o n p l a n w i l l g i v e y o u a m eans o f c o m p u t i n g t h e e x a c t c o s t of your c o n c re te . 3. A PRIZE: Many a u t o m o b i l e c o m p a n ie s o f f e r v a l u a b l e p r i z e s and c o l l e g e s c h o l a r s h i p s i n d ra w in g c o n t e s t s . B. DIRECTIONS: 1. SPACING: a. T i p s on how t o d raw t h e w a l l s e c t i o n . How t o s e t up y o u r d r a w i n g . Use t h e s c a l e 1 i n c h e q u a l s 1 f o o t . (S ee e x h i b i t C .) b. Draw th e b o rd e r l i n e s 3 /8 in c h e s w id e . c. Spaceth e l e f t end o f th e j o i s t 2 3 /4 in c h e s from t h e b o r d e r l i n e . d. Draw t h e r i g h t end o f t h e j o i s t 2 1 5 /1 6 in ch es from th e r i g h t b o r d e r . e. Draw t h e t o p o u t l i n e 1 1 / 1 6 i n c h e s f r o m t h e t o p b o rd er. f. Space t h e b o tto m o u t l i n e 1 1 /1 6 in c h e s fro m t h e b o tto m b o r d e r . —LATH £ PLASTER 2 X 4 ' SOLE ix^ f i n i s h 1X6 S U B FLOOR BUILDING —i ----------- ^ f l o o r 2 X 8 PARTI T I ON S T U D S 1 6 ” O.C. PAPER JOISTS 2 x s ’ Bl o c k — 4X6 W OOD GIRDER — T E R M I T E SHIELD 4 * 4 ' CONCRET E © POSTS •± GRADE LINE — 7 - O' O. C. 18‘ M I N I M U M REQUIREMENT o . I , l?XI£ © K b -L I 6 ' “m i n i m u m CONCRETE F O O T I MG 8 ” MI NI MUM REQUIRE MENT req u irem en t EXHIBIT C . - F O U N D A T I ON. - C E N T E R S E C T I O N - SCALE 'l“= I F Q O T g. Draw t h e o u t l i n e o f y o u r d r a w i n g . How t o d ra w t h e c o n c r e t e f o o t i n g . a. M e a s u re i n 1 1 / 4 i n c h e s f r o m t h e r i g h t an d l e f t o u t l i n e o f your d ra w in g . b. Draw t h e f o o t i n g 6 i n c h e s h i g h and 12 i n c h e s w id e . c. (S ee E x h ib i t C .) Draw t h e g r a d e l i n e 1 5 / 8 i n c h e s f r o m t h e b o t t o m o f th e c o n c re te f o o tin g . How t o d ra w t h e c o n c r e t e p o s t * a. Draw t h e p o s t 4 i n c h e s w ide* b. Draw t h e p o s t 3 3 /1 6 i n c h e s h i g h . (N o te c i r c l e d d i m e n s i o n s •) c. Draw t h e wood g i r d e r 4 i n c h e s w id e and 6 i n c h e s h ig h . How t o d ra w t h e s i l l . a. Draw t h e j o i s t 8 i n c h e s h i g h . b. Draw t h e j o i s t 4 1 / 2 i n c h e s l o n g . (S ee c irc le d d im e n sio n .) c. I n c l u d e a 1 i n c h su b f l o o r . d. Draw a 1 e. Show a l i n e b e tw e e n t h e s u b in ch f i n i s h f l o o r . flo o r and t h e f i n i s h f lo o r to re p re s e n t th e b u ild in g p ap er. f. Draw t h e s o l e . g. Draw t h e p a r t i t i o n s t u d 4 i n c h e s w id e* h. Draw t h e p a r t i t i o n s t u d 1 1 / 8 i n c h e s h i g h * i. Draw t h e 3 p i e c e b a s e a c c o r d i n g t o E x h i b i t C. j. Draw an y r e m a i n i n g p a r t s o f y o u r d r a w i n g a c c o r d i n g t o t h e e x a c t s p e c i f i c a t i o n s i n E x h i b i t C. 5* TOUCHING UP: a. How t o f i n i s h y o u r d r a w i n g . D arken th e b o r d e r l i n e s and o u t l i n e o f y o u r d ra w in g . :b. c. Draw i n a l l th e d im e n sio n s. L a b e l a l l p a r t s o f y o u r d ra w in g as i s show n in E x h i b i t C. d. 6. L e tte r in th e t i t l e and s c a l e . SOURCES FOR THIS CHAPTER: W here t o g e t a d d i t i o n a l a ssista n c e . a. M o rg a n , C h a r l e s P . : H e lp f o r t h e Home B u i l d e r . D e p a r t m e n t o f B u i l d i n g a n d S a f e t y . , Long B e a c h , C a l. , b. 1949. F r e n c h , Thomas E . , a n d S v e n s e n , C a r l L . : M e c h a n i c a l D ra w in g f o r H ig h S c h o o l s * MeGraw H i l l . , New Y o r k , 1 9 2 7 . C. ACTIVITY ASSIGNMENTS: P ro je c ts to g e t your c e n te r s e c tio n p la n s read y fo r in s p e c tio n . 1. Draw t h e c e n t e r s e c t i o n t o t h e s c a l e show n i n E x h i b i t C. 2. Draw t h e c e n t e r s e c t i o n u s i n g 1 1 / 2 i n c h e s e q u a l s 1 fo o t as your s c a le . 24 3. Draw t h e c e n t e r s e c t i o n f o r t h e o ne f l o o r d w e l l i n g you p la n t o b u ild * 4, S tu d y a l l o f th e p a r t s o f y o u r b l u e p r i n t . Put your d r a w i n g away a n d f o r memory s k e t c h t h e w a l l s e c t i o n , l a b e l i n g a l l p a r t s on y o u r s k e t c h . D. EVALUATION: A r a t i n g s c a l e f o r c h e c k i n g up on y o u r d ra w in g . 1. Use t h e r a t i n g s c a l e i n C h a p t e r 1 , p a g e 13 f o r g ra d in g your w a ll s e c tio n . 25 CHAPTER 4 . HOW TO DRAW THE FLOOR PLAN A. MOTIVATION: 1. PRAISE: O utcom es o f a good f l o o r p l a n * A c l e a n p r e c i s e f l o o r p l a n w i l l w in y o u p r a i s e from y o u r f r i e n d s and p a r e n t s . 2. ESTIMATE OF COST: D e fin e d f l o o r p la n s w i l l g iv e you p ro p e r e s tim a te s o f c o s ts f o r b u ild in g . B. DIRECTIONS: Key p o i n t s r e g a r d i n g t h e te c h n iq u e s f o r d ra w in g y o u r f l o o r p l a n . 1. LAYOUT: a. How t o s p a c e y o u r d r a w i n g . Use t h e s c a l e 3 / 1 6 i n c h e s e q u a l s 1 f o o t . (See E x h ib it D .) b. Draw t h e b o r d e r l i n e s 3 / 8 i n c h e s w i d e . c. Draw t h e l e f t o u t l i n e o f th e f l o o r p l a n 1 1 /1 6 in c h e s fro m th e l e f t b o r d e r . d. Draw t h e r i g h t o u t l i n e 4 l / 2 in c h e s from th e rig h t b o rd er. e. M e a s u re t h e t o p o u t l i n e 1 1 / 8 I n c h e s from th e to p b o r d e r . f. Draw t h e b o t t o m o u t l i n e 1 3 / 8 i n c h e s f r o m t h e b o tto m b o r d e r . g. 2. Draw t h e w a l l l / 8 in c h e s t h ic k . How t o d ra w t h e f r o n t p o r c h . a. M e a s u re i n 10 f e e t 8 i n c h e s f r o m t h e l e f t a n d I 2+-0 9-0WINDOW R£F<S, BED koO M l O - 6 X t f -‘ & \ kitcmen v 8-G X<0-v HK. SCHEOUtE RE M A R K Si 2 £ A 2 9Hx 4 £ " 12 LT. D.H 1 5 EC B 2 */ 40 12 L 7 D.H 2 SEC. C 2 s X *4 5 12 l 7 D H 3 SEC. 5CUT7LE 0 0 '|)R UK. i 2 LI Vf NJ G ROOM 2 3 - 0 Xl l - Q XHIBIT 1 D. SC h E 0 U l E S12E remark 6 :^X f GUZEC 3 5P A N £L Q FLOOR PLAN. CAl E jj ' A- FOOT r i g h t o u t l i n e o f t h e f l o o r p l a n t o d raw t h e d oo r. b. See t h e d o o r s c h e d u le f o r c. Draw t h e p o r c h 3 f e e t 6 i n c h e s l o n g a n d 3 f e e t w id e . th e s i z e o f th e d o o r. ( N o t e p o r c h on E x h i b i t D i s c u t o f f a t 2 fe e t. A c tu a l s iz e o f c o n s tr u c tio n i s 3 f e e t . ) How t o l a y o u t t h e l i v i n g roo m . a. M e a s u re i n 9 / 1 6 i n c h e s f r o m t h e c o r n e r s o f t h e l i v i n g room t o d ra w t h e w in d o w s . b. Draw t h e w indow s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e window sc h e d u le . ( S e e E x h i b i t D. E ach window w i d t h is 2 fe e t.) c. Draw t h e s w i t c h as i s BEDR0(M DOOR: shown i n E x h i b i t D. How t o draw t h e d o o r b e t w e e n t h e l i v i n g ro om a n d t h e b e d ro o m . a. M e a s u re 8 f e e t 6 i n c h e s f r o m t h e l e f t sid e of t h e l i v i n g ro o m w a l l . b. F o l l o w t h e d o o r s c h e d u l e on E x h i b i t D f o r t h e door d im e n sio n s. KITCHEN DOOR: How t o d ra w t h e d o o r s e p a r a t i n g t h e l i v i n g room a n d t h e k i t c h e n . a. M e a s u re i n 3 f e e t 6 i n c h e s f ro m t h e r i g h t w a l l . b. M e a s u re i n 5 f e e t 6 i n c h e s f r o m t h e b e d room d o o r. c. C o n s u lt "make 2 ” on t h e d o o r s c h e d u l e f o r t h e 28 door s iz e . 6. How t o l a y o u t t h e b e d ro o m . a. F o l l o w t h e d i m e n s i o n s on t h e b l u e p r i n t fo r d r a w i n g t h e o u t l i n e o f t h e b e d ro o m . b. Draw t h e l e f t s i d e window a c c o r d i n g t o "make B” on t h e window s c h e d u l e . c. Draw t h e t o p window a c c o r d i n g t o "make A" on t h e window s c h e d u l e . d. e. 7. S c a le th e o p e n in g t o th e c l o s e t 3 f e e t lo n g . Draw t h e s c u t t l e 2 f e e t s q u a r e . How t o l a y o u t t h e c l o s e t . a. S c a l e t h e c l o s e t 7 f e e t l o n g and 2 f e e t 3 i n c h e s w id e . b. Draw t h e c l o s e t w a l l 6 i n c h e s w i d e . c. I n c l u d e t h e p o l e and c u r t a i n r e p r e s e n t a t i o n in t h e c l o s e t o p e n in g . d. R ep resen t 2 c lo t h e s 1 hanger p o le s l i n e s as i s e. w ith d o tte d show n i n E x h i b i t D. Draw t h e c h im n e y a c c o r d i n g t o e x a c t s p e c i f i c a tio n s o f th e b l u e p r i n t. 8. How t o l a y o u t t h e k i t c h e n . a. Draw t h e k i t c h e n o u t l i n e 8 f e e t 6 i n c h e s b y 10 f e e t 9 i n c h e s u s i n g t h e 3 / 1 6 i n c h e q u a l s 1 fo o t sc a le . b. Draw t h e c a b i n e t 8 i n c h e s w i d e . 29 c. P la c e th e g as r a n g e i n th e lo w e r l e f t hand c o rn e r of th e k itc h e n . d. lo c a te th e s in k i n th e lo w e r r i g h t hand s id e o f th e k itc h e n . e. P la ce th e r e f r i g e r a t o r i n th e upper r i g h t co rn er. f. R e f e r t o f,make A" on t h e window s c h e d u l e f o r t h e w indow s i z e . ( N o te t h a t window i s l o c a t e d over th e s i n k . ) g. P la c e th e e l e c t r i c o u t l e t in th e c e n te r of th e room . 9. How t o d ra w t h e b a c k p o r c h . a. Draw t h e p o r c h 3 f e e t 6 i n c h e s lo n g . b. Draw t h e p o r c h on y o u r p l a t e 3f e e t w i d e . ( N o te t h e p o r c h i n E x h i b i t D i s c u t o f f a t 2 fe e t, t o i n d i c a t e l a c k o f s p a c e on t h e b l u e p r in t .) 10. TOUCHING UP: a. How t o f i n i s h y o u r d r a w i n g . D arken th e b o r d e r l i n e s and o u t l i n e o f y o u r d ra w in g . b. Draw i n a l l t h e d i m e n s i o n s . c. L ab el a l l p a r t s o f y o u r d ra w in g as i s show n i n E x h i b i t D. d. 11. L e tte r in th e t i t l e FUTURE HOME: and s c a l e . How t o f o l l o w a p r o c e d u r e f o r 30 d r a w in g t h e f l o o r p l a n s f o r t h e home y o u i n t e n d to b u ild . a. S k e t c h t h e p l a n on c r o s s - s e c t i o n p a p e r , l o c a t i n g such f e a tu r e s as d o o rs, f i x t u r e s , c a b in e ts , and th e f i r e p l a c e . b. Make c h a n g e s t h a t seem n e c e s s a r y , a s y o u s t u d y t h e room a r r a n g e m e n t s an d d e t a i l s . c. D e t e r m i n e t h e s c a l e t o w h ic h t h e p l a n m u s t b e draw n. d. Add a l l h o r i z o n t a l a n d v e r t i c a l d i m e n s i o n s , i n c l u d i n g t h i c k n e s s o f w a l l s and d i s t a n c e s a c ro s s room s. e. L ay o f f t h e t h i c k n e s s o f t h e o u t s i d e w a l l s an d d raw t h e n e c e s s a r y l i n e s to in d ic a te th e o u te r w a ll. f. L o c a te th e p a r t i t i o n s w ith c e n t e r l i n e s by m e a su rin g th e d i s t a n c e s from th e o u t s i d e o f o u ts id e w a lls to th e c e n te r o f p a r t i t i o n s . g. L ay o f f t h e t h i c k n e s s o f p a r t i t i o n s b y m e a s u r i n g h a l f t h e t h i c k n e s s on e a c h s i d e o f each c e n te r l i n e . h. Draw i n t h e p a r t i t i o n s . i. Draw a c e n t e r l i n e f o r e a c h d o o r a n d w in d o w . j. Show t h e w indow s on y o u r p l a n s f o u r i n c h e s w id e r th a n th e a c t u a l g la s s s i z e . 31 k. Show t h e d o o r s i n a c t u a l w id th * 1. I n c l u d e l i g h t c o n n e c tio n s and f i x t u r e s , b a t h f i x t u r e s , f i r e p l a c e , and b u i l t - i n c a b i n e t s , (Draw t h e s e f i x t u r e s t o s c a l e b u t do n o t d im e n sio n th e m .) m, D i m e n s io n a l l room s b y u s i n g v e r y l i g h t l i n e s , n. Add ro om a n d w a l l d i m e n s i o n s an d s e e t h a t t h e y check w ith th e o v e r a ll d im e n sio n s, 12. o. Go o v e r a l l o b je c t l i n e s w ith sh a rp b la c k l i n e s , p. U se 1 / 8 i n c h c a p i t a l l e t t e r s SOURCES FOR THIS CHAPTER: fo r a l l your l e t t e r s Where t o g e t a d d i t i o n a l a ssista n c e . a. M o rg a n , C h a r l e s P . : H e lp f o r t h e Home B u i l d e r . D e p a r t m e n t o f B u i l d i n g a n d S a f e t y . , Long B e a c h , C a l ., 1949. b. H o e l s c h e r , R a n d o lp h P . , a n d M ays, A r t h u r B . : B a s ic U n its i n M e c h a n ic a l D ra w in g . J o h n W ile y S o n s• , London, 1933• C. ACTIVITY ASSIGNMENTS: P ro je c ts to p e rfe c t your a b i l i t y t o d ra w f l o o r p l a n s . 1. Draw t h e f l o o r p l a n t o t h e s c a l e show n i n E x h i b i t D. 2. Draw t h e f l o o r p l a n u s i n g t h e s c a l e 1 / 4 i n c h e q u a l s 1 fo o t. 3. Draw t h e f l o o r p l a n f o r t h e one f l o o r d w e l l i n g y o u p la n to b u ild . 4. S tu d y a l l th e p a r t s of your b lu e p rin t. Put your d r a w i n g away a n d f o r memory s k e t c h t h e w a l l s e c t i o n l a b e l i n g a l l p a r t s on y o u r s k e t c h . 5. Make s k e t c h e s a n d d ra w a f l o o r p l a n f o r a t o u r i s t c a b i n 16 x 18 f e e t i n s i z e . A rrange f o r a d o o r, t h r e e w indow s 20 x 24 i n c h e s , d o u b l e h u n g , a c lo th e s c lo s e t, 6. a s i n k , and a k i t c h e n c u p b o a rd . Make s k e t c h e s a n d p l a n s f o r a s m a l l h o u s e w i t h l i v i n g ro o m , d i n i n g r o o m , k i t c h e n , tw o b e d r o o m s , and a b a t h . S t u d y o t h e r p l a n s , m a g a z i n e s , and books f o r id e a s . D. EVALUATIONS A r a t i n g s c a l e f o r c h e c k i n g up on y o u r d ra w in g . 1. Use t h e r a t i n g s c a l e i n C h a p t e r 1 , p a g e 13 f o r g ra d in g your f l o o r p la n . 33 CHAPTER 5 . HOW TO DRAW THE CABLE SIDE ELEVATION A. MOTIVATION: 1. O utcom es o f a g o o d g a b l e s i d e e l e v a t i o n * APPEARANCE: A w e l l d raw n g a b l e s i d e e l e v a t i o n i n c r e a s e s t h e a p p e a r a n c e o f y o u r w h o le p l a n s . 2. LOW COST: An a c c u r a t e l y d ra w n e l e v a t i o n w i l l a l l o w f o r a n e s t i m a t e o f c o s t s when y o u b e g i n t o b u ild . B. DIRECTIONS: 1. OUTLINE: S u g g e s t i o n s on how t o d raw y o u r e l e v a t i o n . How t o s e t up y o u r e l e v a t i o n d r a w i n g . a. U se t h e s c a l e 1 / 4 i n c h e q u a l s 1 f o o t . b. Draw a 3 / 8 i n c h b o r d e r . c. Space th e e l e v a t i o n 1 1 5 /1 6 in c h e s fro m th e l e f t b o r d e r and 2 i n c h e s fro m t h e r i g h t b o r d e r . (S ee E x h ib i t E .) d. Draw t h e t o p o u t l i n e 1 3 / 8 in c h e s from t h e to p b o r d e r an d 1 i n c h f ro m t h e b o tto m b o r d e r . e. Draw y o u r c o t t a g e 24 f e e t w i d e . f. Draw t h e w a l l t o p 1 f o o t 6 in c h e s above th e g rad e l i n e . g. Draw t h e f l o o r l i n e 12 i n c h e s a b o v e t h e w a l l to p . h. Draw t h e c e i l i n g l i n e 7 f e e t 10 i n c h e s a b o v e th e f lo o r l i n e . CONCRETE? CAR METAL RIDOe METAL FLASHES /Z METAL CE1UN3 / W.INE FLASH i N S FLOOR UN£ 8 ’ BEVELED y S»D»MO 7 .WALL T O P GRADE / ^ - CgMENf STEPS r* EXHIBIT E screen o p e n i n g s GABLE S| D E - £ l . E / A 7 I O N - s c a l e -------------------------------------------------- 2 C r O l------:--------------------------- ~ -• i f o o t i. Make t h e r o o f s l a n t 7 f e e t h i g h an d 12 f e e t w ide* j. M e asu re i n 12 f e e t a l o n g t h e w i d t h and d raw t h e t o p p o i n t o f t h e r o o f 14 f e e t 10 i n c h e s above t h e g r a d e . How t o d ra w t h e c h im n e y . a. M e asu re i n 20 i n c h e s f ro m t h e t o p p o i n t o f th e r o o f . T h is i s t h e r i g h t s i d e o f t h e c h im n e y . b. Draw t h e c h im n e y 2 f e e t w i d e . c. S c a le th e c o n c re te cap 2 in c h e s d. Draw t h e m e t a l f l a s h i n g , m e t a l r i d g e , a n d th ic k . b ric k s a cc o rd in g to ex act s p e c if ic a tio n s in E x h i b i t fi. How t o draw t h e s c r e e n e d o p e n i n g s . a. Space t h e s c r e e n e d o p e n in g s 5 f e e t fro m th e ends o f th e d ra w in g . b. A llo w 9 1 / 2 f e e t b e t w e e n t h e tw o o p e n i n g s . c. Draw t h e s c r e e n e d o p e n i n g s 2 f e e t w id e and 1 fo o t 4 in c h e s h ig h . d. Draw t h e s c r e e n w i r e a s i s shown i n E x h i b i t E. How t o d ra w t h e l e f t w in d o w s . a. M e a s u re 2 f e e t f r o m t h e l e f t e d g e o f t h e h o u s e . b. Draw t h e t o t a l o u t l i n e o f t h e l e f t window s 6 f e e t w id e and 6 f e e t 5 i n c h e s l o n g . c. R e fe r t o E x h ib it E f o r th e d im e n sio n s o f th e 36 re m a in in g p a r t s 5. o f t h e w in d o w s , How t o draw th e r i g h t w in d o w s, a. M e a s u re 2 f e e t 3 i n c h e s fro m t h e r i g h t s i d e o f t h e c o t t a g e an d 3 f e e t 5 i n c h e s a b o v e t h e w a ll to p . b. A llo w 4 f e e t 8 i n c h e s b e t w e e n t h e l e f t and r i g h t w in d o w s. c. Draw t h e r i g h t window o u t l i n e 8 f e e t l o n g and 6 f e e t 6 in c h e s h i g h . d. In c lu d e th e re m a in in g p a r t s of t h e r i g h t window i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h E x h i b i t E . 6. How t o d ra w t h e b e v e l e d s i d i n g . a. Draw th e b e v e le d s id in g 8 in c h e s th ic k . b. Draw th e s i d i n g a lo n g th e e n t i r e w id th of th e c o t t a g e fr o m t h e w a l l t o t h e r o o f . 7. How t o d ra w t h e l o u v e r . a. L o c a te th e l o u v e r 5 f e e t 8 in c h e s above th e c e ilin g lin e . b. C e n t e r t h e l o u v e r a t t h e m id p o i n t o f t h e e le v a tio n . c. S c a l e t h e l o u v e r 1 f o o t w id e a n d 2 f e e t 6 in c h e s h ig h . 8. How t o d raw t h e r o o f d e t a i l s . a. Draw th e s h in g le w id th 1 in c h w id e. b. Draw th e r a f t e r s 6 in c h e s w id e . 9. How t o d ra w t h e c e m e n t s t e p s . a. Draw t h e c e m e n t s t a i r w a y 2 f e e t h i g h a n d 3 f e e t lo n g . b. 10. M e a s u re e a c h s t e p 8 i n c h e s h i g h . How t o d ra w t h e r a i l i n g . a. Draw t h e r a i l i n g 2 f e e t 6 i n c h e s w id e a n d 2 f e e t 6 in c h e s lo n g . b. 11. Draw t h e m e t a l r a i l i n g TOUCHING UP: a. 2 in c h e s w id e. How t o f i n i s h y o u r d r a w i n g . D arken th e b o r d e r l i n e s and o u t l i n e o f y o u r d ra w in g . b. Draw i n a l l t h e d i m e n s i o n s . c. Label a l l p a r ts o f y o u r d r a w in g a s i s shown i n E x h i b i t E. d. C. L e tte r in th e t i t l e ACTIVITY ASSIGNMENTS: and s c a l e . P r o j e c t s f o r le a r n in g th e t e c h n iq u e o f d ra w in g e l e v a t i o n s . 1. Draw t h e g a b l e s i d e e l e v a t i o n t o t h e s c a l e shown in E x h ib it E. 2. Draw t h e same e l e v a t i o n u s i n g th e s c a le 3 /1 6 in c h e q u a ls 1 f o o t . 3. Draw t h e g a b l e s i d e e l e v a t i o n f o r t h e one f l o o r d w e llin g you p la n to b u i ld . 4. S tu d y a l l th e p a r t s o f your b lu e p r in t. Put your d r a w i n g aw ay a n d f o r memory s k e t c h t h e w a l l s e c t i o n l a b e l i n g a l l p a r t s on y o u r s k e t c h . EVALUATION: A r a t i n g s c a l e f o r c h e c k i n g up on y o u r d ra w in g . 1. Use t h e r a t i n g s c a l e i n C h a p t e r 1 , p a g e 13 f o r g ra d in g your g a b le s id e e le v a t i o n . 39 CHAPTER 6* HOW TO DRAW THE FRONT ELEVATION A, MOTIVATION: R e w ard s t h a t may come f r o m a g o o d f r o n t e le v a tio n , 1. COMPLETE SPECIFICATIONS: The f r o n t e l e v a t i o n i s n e c e s s a r y t o c o m p lete th e s p e c i f i c a t i o n s of your d r a w in g * 2. A JOB: Y our a p p l i c a t i o n f o r a p o s i t i o n w i l l m o s t l i k e l y be s u c c e s s f u l w ith a n e a t and a c c u r a te f r o n t e l e v a t i o n t o acc o m p a n y i t . B. DIRECTIONS: H e l p f u l h i n t s on d r a w i n g y o u r f r o n t e le v a tio n . 1. SPACING: a. How t o s e t up y o u r d r a w i n g . Use l / 4 in c h e q u a ls 1 f o o t as your s c a l e . (S ee E x h ib it F .) b. Draw a 3 / 8 i n c h b o r d e r . c. Draw t h e l e f t o u t l i n e 2 3 /1 6 i n c h e s from th e l e f t b o rd er. d. Draw t h e r i g h t o u t l i n e 1 5 / 8 i n c h e s f ro m t h e rig h t b o rd er. e. M e a s u re 1 1 / 8 i n c h e s f r o m t h e t o p b o r d e r and 1 1 /1 6 in c h e s fro m th e b o tto m b o r d e r t o c o m p le te y o u r d ra w in g o u t l i n e . f. Draw t h e w a l l l i n e 1 f o o t 6 i n c h e s f r o m t h e -CElLlkiG o T FLOOR WALL 41 g rad e l i n e . g. Draw t h e f l o o r l i n e 12 i n c h e s f r o m t h e w a l l lin e . h. Draw t h e c e i l i n g l i n e 7 f e e t 10 i n c h e s fr o m t h e flo o r lin e . i. S c a le th e b e v e le d s i d i n g 8 in c h e s w id e . j. In c lu d e th e s h in g le s as i s k. M e a s u re 7 f e e t a b o v e t h e c e i l i n g l i n e show n i n E x h i b i t P . t o draw th e r o o f. 2. How t o d ra w t h e s c r e e n e d o p e n i n g s . a. P la c e t h e l e f t s c r e e n 5 f e e t fro m t h e end o f th e c o tta g e . b. Draw t h e r i g h t s c r e e n 5 f e e t f r o m t h e r i g h t end o f y o u r c o t t a g e . c. M e a s u re t h e s c r e e n s 2 f e e t l o n g a n d 1 f o o t 4 in c h e s w id e . d. F o llo w E x h ib it P to in c lu d e th e d e t a i l s of th e screen . 3. How t o d ra w t h e l e f t w in d o w s. a. P l a c e t h e l e f t window 3 f e e t f r o m t h e l e f t end of your c o tta g e . b. M e a s u re 10 f e e t b e lo w t h e c e i l i n g l i n e . c. Draw t h e t o t a l window l e n g t h 7 f e e t l o n g . d. Make y o u r window h e i g h t 5 f e e t 6 i n c h e s . e. Draw t h e o u t l i n e o f y o u r l e f t w in dow . f. In clu d e th e d e t a i l s by r e f e r r i n g to E x h ib it P . How t o d raw t h e r i g h t w in d o w s, a. Draw t h e r i g h t window 5 f e e t 6 i n c h e s h i g h an d 7 f e e t lo n g # b. M e a s u re 2 f e e t 6 i n c h e s f r o m t h e r i g h t e n d o f your c o tta g e . c. I n c l u d e t h e m e t a l f l a s h i n g an d d e t a i l s as i s shown i n E x h i b i t P . df Draw t h e o u t l i n e o f y o u r r i g h t w ind ow . How t o d ra w t h e c h im n e y . a. P l a c e t h e c h im n e y 14 f e e t 4 i n c h e s f r o m t h e l e f t end o f th e r o o f . b. S c a l e t h e c h im n e y 1 f o o t 6 i n c h e s w id e a n d 2 f e e t 6 in c h e s h ig h . c. Add t h e b r i c k s t o y o u r c h im n e y . COMPLETION: How t o f i n i s h y o u r d r a w i n g . a. L e tte r in a l l p a rts of your p la te . b. In c lu d e a l l d im e n sio n s. c. D arken th e b o r d e r l i n e s and t h e o u t l i n e o f your c o tta g e . d. L e tte r i n th e t i t l e e. T urn i n y o u r d ra w in g t o y o u r i n s t r u c t o r . FUTURE HOME: and s c a l e . How t o f o l l o w a s t e p b y s t e p p r o c e d u r e f o r d r a w i n g t h e e l e v a t i o n p l a n s f o r t h e home y o u p la n to b u ild . 43 a. S k etch th e e l e v a t i o n l o c a t i n g o p e n in g s , h e ig h t s o f f l o o r s and c e i l i n g s . b. S k e tch l i n e s r e p r e s e n t i n g th e f i r e p l a c e , p o r c h , c o r n i c e , and r o o f . c. F a s t e n t h e f l o o r p l a n t h a t y o u made i n c h a p t e r 4 a b o v e t h e p a p e r on w h i c h t h e e l e v a t i o n i s to be d raw n. d. P ro je c t a ll c e n te r lin e s o f o p e n i n g s an d w a l l s fro m t h e f l o o r p l a n down t o t h e e l e v a t i o n . e. Draw a c e n t e r l i n e f o r t h e e l e v a t i o n and on i t l o c a t e t h e h e i g h t s o f t h e g r o u n d , c e i l i n g , and f l o o r l i n e s fr o m t h e s k e t c h . f. Draw t h e c o r n i c e and th e r o o f l i n e s . g. Draw t h e w in d o w s , s h u t t e r s , h. Draw t h e p o rch , s te p s , f ir e p la c e , i. G ive s i z e s o f g l a s s , s i d i n g a n d s h i n g l e s . j. Go o v e r t h e o u t s i d e l i n e s a n d make them b l a c k . k. In c lu d e th e t i t l e and d o o r s . and c h im n e y . a n d y o u r name i n 1 / 8 i n c h c a p ita l le t t e r s . ACTIVITY ASSIGNMENTS: P r o je c ts f o r le a rn in g th e te c h n iq u e o f d ra w in g e l e v a t i o n s . 1. Draw t h e f r o n t e l e v a t i o n t o t h e s c a l e shown i n E x h ib it F. 2. Draw t h e same e l e v a t i o n u s i n g t h e s c a l e 3 / 1 6 i n c h e q u a ls 1 f o o t . 44 3. Draw t h e f r o n t e l e v a t i o n f o r t h e one f l o o r d w e l l i n g you p l a n t o b u i l d . D. EVALUATION: d ra w in g # A Mark o f th e c l a s s , r a tin g sc a le fo r 5 if c h e c k i n g up on y o u r t h e i t e m r a n k s i n t h e t o p 10 per cent 4 i f i t r a n k s b e t w e e n t h e t o p 25 an d 10 per c e n t, 3 i f i t r a n k s b e t w e e n t h e u p p e r 50 a n d 25 per c e n t, 2 i f i t r a n k s b e tw e e n t h e l o w e r 25 a n d 50 p e r c e n t , a n d 1 i f i t r a n k s b e lo w t h e l o w e r 25 p e r c e n t o f th e c la ss # 1. ( ) NEATNESS: No d o u b l e l i n e s o r e r a s u r e s s h o u l d show# 2. ( ) LETTERING: C heck t h e s i n g l e s t r o k e g o t h i c l e t t e r s in your te x t. 3. ( ) CLEANLINESS: 4. ( ) DIMENSIONS: 5. ( ) SHARPNESS OP LINES: 6. ( ) ACCURACY: o f w ords. C h eck a l l arro w s and f r a c t i o n s . C h eck t h e d i m e n s i o n s a n d s p e l l i n g 45 CHAPTER 7 . CORNICE DETAILS HOW TO DRAW THE SECTION A. MOTIVATION: A d v a n tag e s o f d ra w in g an a c c u r a t e c o r n i c e se c tio n . 1. ADDED DECORATION: w i l l add a f i n e 2. RECOGNITION: W e ll p l a n n e d c o r n i c e d e t a i l s to u c h t o y our c o t t a g e . You w i l l b e c o m p l i m e n te d by y o u r f r i e n d s and n e ig h b o r s f o r y o u r f i n e s k i l l i n d e c o ra tio n . B. DIRECTIONS: Some p o i n t e r s t o f o l l o w i n d r a w i n g y o u r c o rn ic e . 1. OUTLINE: a. How t o s p a c e y o u r d r a w i n g . Use t h e s c a l e 1 1 / 2 i n c h e q u a l s 1 f o o t . (S ee E x h i b i t G .) b. Draw 3 / 8 i n c h b o r d e r l i n e s . c. N o te t h a t c i r c l e d d i m e n s i o n s d e n o t e r e g u l a r d im e n sio n s. d. (1 i n c h e q u a l s 1 i n c h . ) M e a s u re i n 3 3 / 8 i n c h e s f ro m t h e l e f t b o r d e r and 3 1 / 2 i n c h e s f ro m t h e r i g h t b o r d e r t o d ra w t h e v e r t i c a l o u t l i n e o f y o u r s e c t i o n . e. R u le t h e h o r i z o n t a l o u t l i n e 1 7 / 1 6 i n c h e s f r o m th e b o tto m b o r d e r and 1 3 / 8 in c h e s fro m th e to p b o r d e r . f. F o llo w th e c i r c l e d d im e n sio n s as i s show n i n . , k e " ROOF B O A R D S 2 ' X 4 " R A F T E R 5 16' O.C. ^ JOISTS S H IN G L E S A S S P E C IF IE D i6"0,C .y± SULA7I0N ED GROWN MOLDING iX S AND PLASTER - DOUBLE Lx 4 ” X 8 ' B £ V c L E D 5IDINS 2 X 4 " STUDS 8 - 0 ” LONG 1 6 ' O X / X 6 '‘ S H e A T H lN G fine I f y CORNER 2 X 4 ” PLATE BLOCK I N G BO ARDS-*! PAPER EXHIBIT G. CORNICE DETAIL SECTION- scale i£"*jrooT E x h i b i t G. 2. How t o show t h e s t u d . a. Draw t h e s t u d 4 i n c h e s w i d e . b. M e a s u re t h e s t u d 3 1 / 8 i n c h e s l o n g . ( C ir c le d d im e n s io n .) c. Show t h e l a t h and p l a s t e r 1 / 1 6 i n c h t h i c k . d. In c lu d e th e 2 x 4 e. Draw t h e 2 x 4 in ch f i r e b lo c k in g . in c h d o u b le p l a t e as i s shown i n E x h i b i t G. f. Draw t h e s h e a t h i n g 1 i n c h w i d e . g. Draw t h e b e v e l e d s i d i n g 3 / 4 i n c h e s w id e and 8 in c h e s lo n g . h. S c a le th e c o rn e r b o a rd 1 l / 8 in ch e s i. R ep resen t th e b u ild in g p ap eras i s x 5i n c h e s . shown in E x h i b i t G. 3. How t o d ra w t h e r a f t e r s . a. S c a le t h e r a f t e r s 8 in c h e s w id e. b. Draw t h e r o o f b o a r d 1 i n c h w i d e . c. Draw t h e s h i n g l e s 5 i n c h e s w i d e . d. I n c l u d e t h e cro w n m o l d i n g a s i s show n i n E x h i b i t G. 4. How t o d ra w t h e j o i s t s . a. Draw t h e j o i s t 8 i n c h e s w i d e . b. S c a le c. In c lu d e a l l re m a in in g p a r t s th e i n s u l a t i o n 1 i n c h w id e . o f y o u r d r a w in g 48 b y c h e c k i n g E x h i b i t G. 5. COMPLETION: How t o f i n i s h y o u r d r a w i n g . a. Space y o u r t i t l e a s i s show n i n E x h i b i t G-. b. Draw i n a l l d i m e n s i o n s . c. C h e ck a l l d i m e n s i o n s t o see t h a t th e y are c o rre c t. d. C h eck a l l w o rd s f o r s p e l l i n g . e. D ark en th e b o r d e r and a l l s e c t i o n l i n e s t o see t h a t th e y sta n d out c le a r l y . C. f. Remove a l l d o u b l e l i n e s and e r a s u r e s . g. E r a s e a l l f i n g e r m a rk s a n d b l o t s . ACTIVITY ASSIGNMENTS: P rojects to g iv e you s k i l l in d ra w in g s e c t i o n d e t a i l s . 1. Draw t h e c o r n i c e s e c t i o n a c c o r d i n g t o t h e s c a l e i n E x h i b i t G. 2. P l a n a n d d ra w a c o r n i c e s e c t i o n f o r a one f l o o r d w e llin g you p la n to b u i ld . 3. Draw t h e c o r n i c e s e c t i o n i n E x h i b i t G u s i n g t h e s c a le 3 /4 in ch es e q u a ls 1 f o o t . D. EVAULATION: A r a t i n g s c a l e f o r c h e c k i n g up on y o u r d ra w in g . 1. Use t h e r a t i n g s c a l e i n C h a p t e r 1 , p a g e 13 f o r g ra d in g your c o rn ic e s e c tio n . 49 CHAPTER 8 . CORNICE DETAILS HOW TO DRAW THE ELEVATION A« MOTIVATION: A d v a n t a g e s y o u may d e r i v e f r o m a g o o d e le v a tio n * 1. A CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE: The c o r n i c e d e t a i l s g iv e you a n a c c u r a t e p i c t u r e o f t h e w a l l and r o o f d e ta ils* 2. AN ATTRACTIVE APPEARANCE: The e l e v a t i o n w i l l b r in g o u t th e f l a s h i n g and r o o f d e c o r a tio n s * B* DIRECTIONS: A s t e p by s t e p p ro c e d u re f o r you t o f o llo w i n d r a w in g a n a c c u r a t e c o r n i c e e l e v a t i o n f o r y o u r c o tta g e * 1. SPACING: How t o l a y o u t y o u r d r a w in g * a. Draw 3 / 8 i n c h b o r d e r l i n e s . ( S e e E x h i b i t H .) b* Use 1 1 / 2 i n c h e s e q u a l s 1 f o o t a s y o u r s c a l e . c. P l a c e t h e e l e v a t i o n 3 1 / 2 i n c h e s fro m t h e l e f t b o r d e r and 3 1 / 4 i n c h e s from t h e r i g h t b o r d e r . d. M e a s u re 1 1 / 4 i n c h e s f r o m t h e t o p b o r d e r t o c o m p le te y o u r d raw in g o u t l i n e . 2. e. M e a s u re t h e r i g h t s i d e 5 i n c h e s h i g h . f. Draw t h e c o r n e r b o a r d 4 i n c h e s w i d e . g. Draw t h e s t u d 4 i n c h e s w i d e . How t o d ra w t h e r o o f . a. M e a s u re 2 3 / 8 i n c h e s a l o n g t h e c o r n e r b o a r d . CORHBQ B O A * &S STUD EXHIBIT R CQRN/CE RETAILS- ELEVATION sc ALjnt*; / foot b. Draw t h e r o o f p i t c h 7 i n c h e s b y 12 i n c h e s . c. Draw t h e s h i n g l e s 5 i n c h e s l o n g a n d 1 in c h w id e . d. See E x h i b i t H f o r any r e m a in in g s p e c i f i c a t i o n s of th e e le v a tio n . 3. TOUCHING UP: a. How t o f i n i s h y o u r d r a w i n g . D ark en t h e b o r d e r l i n e s and o u t l i n e o f y o u r d ra w in g • b. Draw i n a l l t h e d i m e n s i o n s . c. L a b e l a l l p a r t s o f y o u r d ra w in g as i s shown i n E x h i b i t H. d. C. L e tte r in th e t i t l e ACTIVITY ASSIGNMENTS: and s c a l e . P ro je c ts to p re p a re your c o rn ic e e le v a tio n fo r in s p e c tio n . 1. Draw t h e c o r n i c e e l e v a t i o n t o t h e s c a l e shown i n E x h i b i t H. 2. Draw t h e c o r n i c e e l e v a t i o n t o t h e s c a l e 2 i n c h e s e q u a ls 1 f o o t . 3. Draw t h e c o r n i c e e l e v a t i o n f o r t h e o n e f l o o r d w e llin g you p la n to b u i l d . 4. S tu d y a l l o f th e p a r t s o f your b l u e p r i n t. C lo se y o u r b o o k a n d f o r memory s k e t c h t h e c o r n i c e e l e v a t i o n , l a b e l i n g a l l p a r t s on y o u r s k e t c h . D. EVALUATION: A r a t i n g s c a l e f o r c h e c k i n g up on y o u r d ra w in g * Mark 5 i f t h e i t e m r a n k s i n t h e t o p 10 p e r c e n t o f t h e c l a s s , 4 i f i t r a n k s b e tw e e n t h e t o p 25 a n d 10 p e r c e n t, 3 i f i t ranks b e tw e e n t h e u p p e r 50 and 25 per c e n t, 2 i f i t ranks b e t w e e n t h e l o w e r 25 and 50 p e r c e n t , and 1 i f i t r a n k s b e lo w t h e l o w e r 25 p e r c e n t o f th e c l a s s . 1. ( ) LETTERING: Use t h e t e x t b o o k l e t t e r i n g a c a le as y o u r g u id e . 2. ( ) ACCURACY: Use t h e r u l e r to check th e m e a s u r e m e n ts o f e a c h p a r t w i t h t h e b l u e p r i n t . 3. ( ) DIMENSIONS AND ARROWHEADS: 4. ( ) SHARPNESS OP LINES: L in e s d ark . 5. ( ( ) CLEANLINESS OP DRAWING: ) TOTAL POINTS GIVEN. sh o u ld bet h i n and 53 PART I I HOW TO DRAW THE DETAILS A w e ll d e s ig n e d h c$ e i s i n n e e d o f an a c c u r a t e l y p l a n n e d w in d o w , d o o r , w oodw ork d e t a i l s an d f i x t u r e s . Why n o t u s e y o u r i m a g i n a t io n and b r i n g o u t th e d e t a i l s t h a t w i l l m e e t t h e b a s i c n e e d s o f y o u r home a n d w i l l b e p r o m o t i v e t o c o m f o r t a b l e l i v i n g a n d maximum u t i l i t y . The e x t e r i o r o f y o u r home i s v ie w e d c o n s t a n t l y b y t h e n e i g h b o r s a n d t h o s e who p a s s b y . The d e t a i l s p r o p e r r e l a t i o n t o t h e w h o le s t r u c t u r e h a rm o n y w i t h t h e d e s i g n o f t h e hom e. sh o u ld be i n and s h o u l d b e i n They s h o u ld b e lo n g and n o t ap p ear to be e x tr a s . You h a v e now p l a n n e d t h e f o u n d a t i o n a n d s t r u c t u r e o f your c o u n try c o tt a g e . You may s t i l l g o f u r t h e r on t h e ro ad to p e r f e c tio n by fo llo w in g th e n e x t fo u r c h a p te rs w h ic h w i l l d i r e c t y o u i n d r a w i n g t h e d e t a i l s f o r y o u r c o tta g e . 54 CHAPTER 9 . HOW TO DRAW THE WINDOW AND LOUVER A. MOTIVATION: A d v a n t a g e s t h a t w i l l come f r o m a p r e c i s e window and l o u v e r # 1. GOOD AIR CIRCULATION: A w e l l p l a n n e d window w i l l r e s u l t i n a d e q u a te a i r c i r c u l a t i o n * 2. BETTER LIGHTING: A w e l l c o n s t r u c t e d window w ill make u s e o f t h e c o r r e c t am ount o f l i g h t f o r y o u r c o u n try c o tta g e * 3. A SUMMER JOB: Y our e x p e r i e n c e i n d r a w i n g t h e s e p l a n s w i l l g i v e y o u a n o p p o r t u n i t y t o e a r n m oney d u r i n g t h e summer i n c o n s t r u c t i o n w o r k . B* DIRECTIONS; G u i d i n g p r i n c i p l e s f o r d r a w i n g y o u r window and l o u v e r * 1. SPACING: How t o l a y o u t y o u r w indow . a* Use 1 i n c h e q u a l s 1 f o o t a s y o u r s c a l e . b. P l a c e t h e window 3 3 / 8 i n c h e s f ro m t h e l e f t b o r d e r and 4 in c h e s fro m t h e r i g h t b o rd e r* c. Draw 3 / 8 i n c h b o r d e r l i n e s . d. M e a s u re 1 l / 8 (S ee E x h ib i t I . ) i n c h e s f ro m t h e t o p b o r d e r and 1 5 / 8 i n c h e s f r o m t h e b o t t o m b o r d e r t o d raw t h e h o r i z o n t a l o u t l i n e o f t h e w indow . 2. How t o d ra w t h e w indow . a. S c a l e t h e window 2 f e e t 10 1 / 2 i n c h e s w id e and ASING UPPER DRiP SASH Vl o -j a i-----------------2 1 I— ■T* <0 - 1 ^ (0 tn ! i i ; i O 1 r LOW E*. •// UJ r 1 CHEC K R A I L CAP — i < io h- 1 SASH 1 \ rr nr> cu LOUVER I V ♦ TO ' AL GLA$$ W 1DTN _PL. J 3 -4 A PRQK 2 A"y. 2 .4 - 2. l i g h t , c u t douBlE r v 'p.., 8 iT X , h jng id l i s > h t w i n d o */ V/ I N C O W A N D L O U V E R , scale i " .-i f o o t 56 5 f e e t lo n g . b. Draw t h e d r i p c a p l / 2 a r e e x t e r i o r m o ld in g s in c h w id e. (D rip caps u s e d a b o v e window a n d d o o r s t o p r e v e n t w a t e r fr o m r u n n i n g b e h i n d t h e fram e.) c. Draw t h e c a s i n g 3 i n c h e s w i d e . (T he c a s i n g i s t h e window t r i m a r o u n d t h e t o p a n d s i d e o f t h e w i n d o w .) d. Draw t h e u p p e r and l o w e r s a s h 2 i n c h e s w i d e . (T h e s a s h i s th e fra m in g i n w h ich p an es o f g l a s s a r e s e t i n a g l a z e d w i n d o w .) e. S c a le th e check r a i l 1 in c h w id e . f. M e a s u re t h e s i l l 2 i n c h e s w i d e . g. Draw t h e a p r o n 3 1 / 2 i n c h e s w i d e . h. Draw t h e window p a n e s 8 l/2 i n c h e s w id e a n d 11 l / 2 in c h e s lo n g . 3. How t o d ra w t h e l o u v e r . (T h e l o u v e r i s th e ro o f t u r r e t , f o r t h e e s c a p e o f sm o k e , o r t h e a d m i s s i o n o f l i g h t and a i r . ) a. S p a c e t h e l o u v e r 1 i n c h f r o m t h e w ind ow . b. M e a s u re 2 5 / 8 i n c h e s f r o m t h e b o t t o m b o r d e r t o d ra w t h e h o r i z o n t a l o u t l i n e o f t h e l o u v e r . c. 4. S c a l e t h e l o u v e r 2 f e e t l o n g a n d 11 i n c h e s w i d e . COMPLETION: a. How t o b r i n g y o u r d r a w i n g t o a n e n d . Draw 1 / 8 i n c h g u i d e l i n e s f o r a l l l e t t e r i n g . 57 b. L abel a l l p a r ts o f t h e window* c. Draw i n a l l a r r o w s a n d d i m e n s i o n s . d. C e n te r th e t i t l e e. E rase a l l g u id e l i n e s . f. D arken th e b o r d e r l i n e s on y o u r d r a w i n g . an d o u t l i n e o f t h e window a n d l o u v e r . C. ACTIVITY ASSIGNMENTS: P r o j e c t s t o make y o u p e r f e c t i n d r a w i n g w indow d e t a i l s . 1. Draw t h e window a n d l o u v e r t o t h e s c a l e show n i n E x h ib it I . 2. Draw t h e window a n d l o u v e r t o t h e s c a l e 1 1 / 2 in ch e s e q u a ls 1 f o o t. 3. Draw t h e window a n d l o u v e r f o r t h e h o u s e you p l a n to b u ild . 4. Draw a s k e t c h o f a window s i m i l a r t o E x h i b i t I . L abel a l l th e p a r ts o f t h e w indow w i t h o u t r e f e r r i n g to E x h ib it I . D. EVALUATION: 1. M eth o d s f o r c h e c k i n g up on y o u r d r a w i n g . RATING SCALE: Mark 5 i f t h e i t e m r a n k s i n t h e t o p 10 p e r c e n t o f t h e c l a s s , 4 i f i t r a n k s b e t w e e n t h e t o p 25 a n d 10 p e r c e n t , 3 i f i t r a n k s b e t w e e n t h e u p p e r 25 a n d 50 p e r c e n t , 2 i f i t r a n k s b e t w e e n t h t l o w e r 25 and 50 p e r c e n t , a n d 1 i f t h e l o w e r 25 p e r c e n t o f t h e c l a s s . i t r a n k s b e lo w a. ( ) ACCURACY: Spot check v a rio u s p a r ts of th e window f o r e x a c t m e a s u r e m e n t s , b. ( ) TEXTURE OF LINES: c. ( ) LETTERING-; h ig h . d. ( ) L e t t e r s s h o u l d be l / 8 O nly c a p i t a l l e t t e r s DIMENSIONS: in ch s h o u ld be u s e d . A ll d im e n sio n in g sh o u ld f o llo w t h e p r o c e d u r e s e t up i n C h a p t e r 1 . TRUE-FALSE: P la c e X i n th e c o r r e c t space f o r tr u e or f a ls e . a. ( )( ) You s h o u l d d ra w t h e c h e c k r a i l b e lo w th e s i l l . b. ( )( ) I t i s n e c e s s a r y t o i n c l u d e a window s i l l . c. ( )( ) You s h o u l d i n c l u d e t h e d r i p c a p a b o v e th e c a s in g . d. ( )( ) I t i s w ise t o in c lu d e th e d r i p cap above t h e c a s in g t o p r e v e n t w a te r from r u n n i n g b e h i n d t h e w indow c a s i n g . 59 CHAPTER 1 0 . HOW TO DRAW THE DOOR A .M O T IV A T IO N : B e n e f i t s t h a t come f r o m a w e l l d e s i g n e d d o o r. 1. GOOD APPEARANCE: A w e ll d e sig n e d d o o r w i l l add to th e a p p e a ra n c e o f y o u r c o t t a g e and g iv e y o u r f r i e n d s a g o o d i m p r e s s i o n o f y o u r hom e. 2. REDUCED COST: By b e i n g a b l e t o b u i l d y o u r own d o o r f ro m t h e d r a w in g p l a n s y o u w i l l make i n t h i s c h a p t e r . B. DIRECTIONS: 1. SPACING: Some p o i n t e r s on how t o draw t h e d o o r ♦ How t o l a y o u t t h e o u t l i n e o f y o u r d o o r . a. Draw a 3 / 8 i n c h b o r d e r . (S ee E x h ib i t J . ) b. U se 3 / 4 i n c h e q u a l s 1 f o o t a s y o u r s c a l e . c. P la c e th e d o o r 3 3 /4 in c h e s fro m th e l e f t b o rd er. d. Draw t h e v e r t i c a l d o o r o u t l i n e 1 1 / 8 i n c h e s f r o m t h e t o p b o r d e r an d l l / 4 in c h e s from th e b o tto m b o r d e r . 2. DETAILS: a. How t o d ra w t h e p a r t s o f t h e d o o r . Draw a 3 i n c h c a s i n g a r o u n d t h e t o p a n d s i d e o f th e d o o r. b. Draw t h e t o p r a i l 6 i n c h e s w i d e . c. M e a s u re 2 f e e t 6 i n c h e s b e lo w t h e t o p r a i l a s y o u r g la s s w id th . ST C A S / N s T T O P RA/L <o _L 'j 1 , iL — 7 u> CflOfcS RAIL 1 —6 =r ru ; -< r~ i * 1 o '1 Ul ^ ! -c Q: ■*» B o r r e m \ r a il i “ 3 ^ E X H I B I T J , DOOR . -,3 —— -— • • * - 1m | SC/*££ yr / foot d. e. Draw t h e c r o s s r a i l 6 i n c h e s w i d e . S p a c e t h e r a i s e d p a n e l s 2 f e e t 5 i n c h e s b e lo w th e c ro s s r a i l . f. A llo w 6 i n c h e s b e tw e e n t h e r a i s e d p a n e l s . g. M e a s u re 9 i n c h e s b e lo w t h e r a i s e d p a n e l t o d raw t h e b o t t o m r a i l . 3. TOUCHING UP: How t o f i n i s h y o u r d r a w i n g . a. Draw t h e d i m e n s i o n l i n e s an d a r r o w s . b. Draw l / 8 c. L abel a l l p a r t s of th e d o o r. d. Draw a t i t l e e. D arken th e b o r d e r l i n e s in c h g u id e l i n e s . and s c a l e b e lo w t h e d o o r . and o u t l i n e o f y o u r door. f. P r e s e n t y o u r d raw in g t o y o u r i n s t r u c t o r f o r a grade. C. ACTIVITY ASSIGNMENTS: P r o j e c t s i n s e t t i n g up t h e d o o r o f your c o u n try c o tt a g e . 1. Draw t h e d o o r t o t h e s c a l e s e t up i n E x h i b i t J . 2. Draw t h e d o o r i n E x h i b i t J t o t h e s c a l e 11 / 2 i n c h e s e q u a ls 1 f o o t . 3. D e s i g n t h e d o o r s y o u w o u ld l i k e t o h a v e i n y o u r hom e. 4. S tu d y th e d o o r i n y o u r b o o k . C lo se your book. S k e t c h t h e d o o r f o r memory a n d l a b e l a l l t h e p a r t s . 62 P. EVALUATION: d ra w in g * A r a t i n g s c a l e f o r c h e c k i n g u p on y o u r (M ark 5 i f t h e i t e m r a n k s i n t h e t o p 10 p e r c e n t o f t h e c l a s s , 4 i f i t r a n k s b e t w e e n t h e t o p 25 and 10 p e r c e n t , 3 i f i t r a n k s b e tw e e n t h e u p p e r 50 an d 25 p e r c e n t , 2 i f i t r a n k s b e tw e e n th e l o w e r 25 a n d 50 p e r c e n t , and 1 i f i t r a n k s b e lo w t h e l o w e r 25 p e r c e n t o f t h e c l a s s . ) 1. ( ) ACCURACY OP PARTS: C h e c k t h e m e a s u r e m e n ts o f th e r a is e d p a n e l, c ro s s r a i l , to p r a i l , and c a sin g w ith th e b l u e p r i n t. 2. ( ) LETTERING: 3. ( ) DIMENSIONS AND ARROWS: 4. ( ) SPACING: M e a s u re t h e d i s t a n c e s o f th e door f r o m t h e b o r d e r an d c h e c k w i t h t h e b l u e p r i n t m e a s u r e m e n ts f o r a c c u r a c y . 63 CHAPTER 1 1 . HOW TO DRAW THE WOODWORK DETAILS A, MOTIVATION: G a in s t h a t w i l l r e s u l t f r o m c l e a r and a c c u r a t e w oodw ork d e t a i l s . 1* ADDED DECORATION: Crown m o ld s w i l l h i d e h a r s h a n g l e s and b l e n d t h e m e e t i n g o f s u r f a c e s . 2. EASE IN READING YOUR DRAWING: W e ll d ra w n woodwork d e t a i l s w i l l r e s u l t i n a c c u r a t e m e a s u r e m e n ts f o r d e te rm in in g p la n n in g c o s t s . B. DIRECTIONS: P r a c t i c a l s u g g e s t i o n s on how t o s e t up t h e woodwork d e t a i l s 1. 2. LAYOUT: of your c o tta g e . How t o s e t up y o u r d r a w i n g . a. E xam ine y o u r b l u e p r i n t . (See E x h ib i t K .) b. Draw 3 / 8 i n c h b o r d e r l i n e s . c. F o l l o w t h e m e a s u r e m e n ts on t h e b l u e p r i n t . How t o draw t h e b e v e l e d s i d i n g . (B e v eled s i d i n g i s used as a s id e w a ll c o v e rin g .) a. M e a s u re I n 7 / 8 i n c h e s f r o m t h e l e f t b o r d e r . b. M e a s u re i n 5 / 8 i n c h e s f r o m t h e b o t t o m b o r d e r an d d ra w t h e s i d i n g 6 i n c h e s l o n g . 3. How t o d raw t h e cro w n m o ld . (C row n m o ld i s u s e d f o r d e c o r a t i v e p u r p o s e s and t o h i d e u n s i g h t l y j o i n t s b e tw e e n two p a r t s a. of a b u ild in g .) Draw t h e c ro w n m o ld 5 / 8 i n c h e s f r o m t h e CASINO— IU -iLL , STOP CROWN MOLD STOOL ^Ia3 ioi t—» — / .'r 3 Plf CE EALE II FxPi iRil K. in'vv^RK nFTAll s b e v e l e d s i d i n g an d 1 5 / 8 i n c h e s f r o m t h e t o p o f th e p a p e r. b. Draw t h e s i d e a n g l e w i t h a 60 d e g r e e t r i a n g l e . c. Draw t h e c u r v e d l i n e s e c tio n w ith a fre n c h c u rv e. How t o d ra w t h e d r i p c a p . (D rip caps a re e x t e r i o r m o l d i n g s u s e d a b o v e w indow s a n d d o o r s t o p r e v e n t w a te r fro m r u n n in g b e h in d t h e fram e * ) a. Draw t h e d r i p c a p l / 2 i n c h f r o m t h e crow n m old* b. C o m p le te t h e d r i p c a p a c c o r d i n g t o E x h i b i t K. How t o d ra w t h e t h r e e p i e c e b a s e . (T h e b a s e i s t h e c o v e r i n g a t t h e j u n c t i o n o f s i d e w a l ls and f l o o r s •) a. P la c e th e t h r e e p ie c e b a se 3 /4 in c h e s from th e c ro w n m o ld a n d 1 3 / 8 i n c h e s f r o m t h e b o t t o m b o rd er. b. M e a s u re t h e b a s e b o a r d 3 / 4 i n c h e s w ide* c. Span t h e b a s e sh o e w ith a 3 / 4 i n c h r a d i u s . d. S c a le th e b a se b o ard 3 /4 in c h e s h ig h . How t o d ra w t h e window t r i m . (Window t r i m i n c l u d e s t h e c a s i n g o r m o ld i n g a r o u n d t h e t o p a n d s i d e o f a d o o r o r window f r a m e . The w indow l e d g e i s t h e s t o o l a n d t h e b o a r d b e lo w i t c a lle d i s c a l le d th e ap ro n . S t o p s h o l d t h e s a s h i n window f r a m e s i n p l a c e a n d f o r m t h e m em bers i n a d o o r f r a m e a g a i n s t w h ic h t h e 66 door c lo s e s . a. P la ce th e c a s in g 1 1 / 8 in c h e s from th e to p b o rd er. b. Draw t h e w indow s t o p 1 3 / 8 in c h e s w id e . c. M e a s u re 1 / 2 i n c h b e lo w t h e s t o p t o d ra w t h e sto o l. d. S c a le th e s t o o l 2 l / 2 in c h e s lo n g . e. Draw t h e w indow t r i m f. F o l l o w t h e d i m e n s i o n s on E x h i b i t K t o c o m p l e t e 2 in c h e s lo n g . t h e w oodw ork d e t a i l s . 7. CONCLUSION: How t o b r i n g y o u r woodwork d e t a i l s to an e n d . a. Draw i n a l l d i m e n s i o n l i n e s . b. F i l l i n a l l d im e n s io n s and a rr o w s . c. D arken th e b o r d e r l i n e s an d o u t l i n e o f y o u r d ra w in g . d. 8. I n c l u d e y o u r name a n d t h e t i t l e . SOURCES FOR THIS CHAPTER: W here t o g e t a d d i t i o n a l a ssista n c e . a. F r y k l u n d , V e rn e C . , a n d K e p l e r , F r a n k R . : G eneral D r a f t i n g . M cK night & M c K n i g h t . , B lo o m in g to n , I l l i n o i s , b. 1938. J o h n s o n , W i l l i a m H . , a n d N e w k i r k , L o u i s V. : M odern D r a f t i n g . M a c m i ll a n C o . , New Y o r k , 1 9 4 4 . 67 C. ACTIVITY ASSIGNMENTS: P r o j e c t s t o c o m p l e t e y o u r woodwork d e ta ils. 1. Draw t h e woodwork d e t a i l s to exact s p e c ific a tio n s o f E x h i b i t K. 2. Draw t h e woodwork d e t a i l s u s i n g t h e s c a l e 1 1 / 2 in c h e s e q u a ls 1 f o o t . 3. Draw t h e woodwork d e t a i l s f o r t h e home y o u p l a n t o b u ild . 4. S tu d y a l l th e p a r t s o f y o u r b l u e p r i n t . O lo se y o u r b o o k a n d f o r memory s k e t c h t h e woodw ork d e t a i l s . Label a l l p a rts D. EVALUATION: 1. on y o u r s k e t c h . M eth ods f o r g r a d i n g y o u r d r a w i n g . TRUE-FALSE: P la c e X in th e c o r r e c t sp ace f o r tr u e or f a ls e . a. T F ( )( ) You s h o u l d d ra w t h e b a s e m o ld b e lo w t h e base shoe. b. ( )( ) I t i s w ise t o d ra w t h e s t o o l a s a p a r t of th e th re e p ie c e b a s e . c. ( )( ) You s h o u l d d ra w t h e d r i p c a p b e lo w t h e window s i l l . d. ( )( ) I t i s n e c e s s a r y t o u s e crow n m old a l o n g th e in s id e d o o rs. ! e. ( )( ) You s h o u l d p l a c e t h e a p r o n b e lo w t h e window s t o o l i n d r a w in g window d e t a i l s . RATING SCALE: Mark 5 i f th e ite m r a n k s i n th e to p te n p e r c e n t o f th e c l a s s , 4 i f i t ran k s b e tw e e n t h e t o p 25 and 10 p e r c e n t , 3 i f i t ran k s b e t w e e n t h e u p p e r 50 and 25 p e r c e n t , 2 i f i t r a n k s b e tw e e n t h e l o w e r 25 a n d 50 p e r c e n t , and 1 i f i t r a n k s b e l o w t h e l o w e r 25 p e r c e n t o f t h e c la ss . a. ( ) SMOOTHNESS OF CURVED SURFACES: Check w ith a fre n c h c u rv e. b. ( ) LETTERING: c. ( ) CLEANLINESS: d. ( ) SHARPNESS OF LINES: e. ( ) DIMENSIONS AND ARROWS: f. ( ) ACCURACY: C h e c k m e a s u r e m e n ts w i t h a ru le r. ( ) TOTAL POINTS GIVEN. 69 CHAPTER 1 2 . HOW TO DRAW THE PLAN SYMBOLS A. MOTIVATION: 1. R e w a rd s f o r d r a w i n g a c c u r a t e p l a n s y m b o l s . RELAXATION: The p l a n s y m b o ls w i l l g i v e y o u t h e maximum am oun t o f c o m f o r t i f th e y a re p la c e d in th e m ost c o n v e n ie n t p l a c e s . 2 • GOOD LIGHT: W e ll p l a c e d o u t l e t s w i l l i n s u r e g ood l i g h t i n g In your c o u n try c o tta g e . B. DIRECTIONS; Some h e l p f u l h i n t s on how t o c o n s t r u c t t h e p l a n s y m b o ls f o r y o u r c o u n t r y c o t t a g e . 1. LAYOUT: a. How t o s p a c e y o u r d r a w i n g . T a c k a s h e e t o f p a p e r 8 l / 2 x 11 i n c h e s on y o u r d ra w in g p a p e r . b. Use t h e s c a l e l / 4 in c h eq u als 1 in c h . (S ee E x h ib it L . ) c. 2. Draw 3 / 8 i n c h b o r d e r l i n e s . How t o d ra w t h e i n s i d e d o o r . a. P la c e t h e i n s i d e d o o r 7 /8 in c h e s from th e l e f t b o r d e r a n d 1 5 / 8 i n c h e s fro m t h e t o p b o rd er. b. 3. C o n su lt E x h ib it D f o r th e d oo r s i z e . How t o d raw t h e o u t s i d e d o o r . a. S p a c e t h e o u t s i d e d o o r 1 5 / 1 6 i n c h e s f ro m th e in s id e d o o r. DOOR I NSI DE OUTSIDE DOOR €=nt"|T-C Z=3 / -5 r — d L A S S W . DTrt P „ U S 4 \ h- POL H SCURfAfM (—— 3 - 0 1-*j > H:— - ■ ■ . ________________>■ 2 4 'X 2 4 “- LT. D O U B L E H U N rj -v/:NL:OW " " ... I: ________________ Z4-X k 4 'IT g r o u p .\/lN w in d o w s t _ / S lN G L £ FLJE * i “X 13 / LJNING OUTLET / D O U B L E OUTLET © : OUTL- DF J22ZZZ7 BRICK S HO R T A * SW IT C H r E22ZZ22 CHI M N O , EXH-&IT L, electric SVHSOLS *LAN SYMBOLS, scale q"~ r. If 0- b. See t h e d o o r s c h e d u l e on E x h i b i t D, f,make f o r th e s iz e 1” , o f th e d o o r. How t o draw t h e d o u b l e h u n g w in d o w s . a. Draw t h e windows 1 l / 4 i n c h e s b e lo w t h e i n s i d e d oo r. b. S c a le th e w indow s 24 i n c h e s l o n g . How t o d ra w t h e p o l e and c u r t a i n . a. R e p r e s e n t t h e p o l e and c u r t a i n 7 / 8 i n c h e s b e lo w t h e o u t s i d e d o o r . b. In c lu d e a 5 f o o t p o le f o r th e c l o s e t . How t o d r a w t h e g r o u p w in d o w s . a. M e a s u re 1 3 / 8 i n c h e s b e lo w t h e d o u b l e h u n g w in d o w s . b. Draw t h e w indow s 4 f e e t l o n g . How t o d ra w t h e c h im n e y . a. S c a l e t h e c h im n e y 2 f e e t s q u a r e . b. Make t h e f l u e l i n i n g 8 1 / 2 i n c h e s w ide a n d 13 i n c h e s l o n g . / c .. d. Draw t h e b r i c k and m o r t a r 4 i n c h e s w i d e . Draw t h e i n s i d e l i n i n g 1 i n c h t h i c k . How t o d r a w t h e e l e c t r i c a. P la c e th e e l e c t r i c sy m b o ls. sy m b o l 3 i n c h e s f ro m t h e l e f t b o rd er. b. Draw a s i n g l e o u t l e t and a d o u b le o u t l e t . c. M e a s u re 2 f e e t b e tw e e n t h e s i n g l e o u t l e t and 72 th e d o u b le o u t l e t . 9. d. Draw t h e s w i t c h . e. C onnect t h e s w itc h and th e c e i l i n g o u tle t. How t o d ra w t h e k i t c h e n s y m b o l s . a. Draw t h e k i t c h e n 10 f e e t 6 i n c h e s l o n g and 9 f e e t 6 in c h e s w id e . b. Draw an a r c h e d o p e n i n g 3 f e e t w i d e . c. C o n s u l t t h e d o o r s c h e d u l e on E x h i b i t Dfo r th e d oo r s i z e . d. P la ce a ra n g e i n th e l e f t c o rn e r 2 f e e t 4 in c h e s w id e and 4 f e e t l o n g . e. A r r a n g e a s i n k i n t h e l o w e r r i g h t c o r n e r , 24 i n c h e s b y 18 i n c h e s . f. Draw a c a b i n e t 12 i n c h e s w id e i n t h e u p p e r l e f t hand c o r n e r . g. In c lu d e th e r e f r i g e r a t o r in th e u p p e r r i g h t c o rn er. 10. COMPLETION: a. How t o f i n i s h y o u r d r a w i n g . D a rk en th e b o r d e r l i n e s and t h e o u t l i n e a ll of th e sy m b o ls. b. Draw i n t h e d i m e n s i o n s and a r r o w s . c. L e t te r i n th e t i t l e d. Check a l l p a r t s o f your d raw in g w ith y o u r and s c a l e . sc a le fo r p o s s ib le m is ta k e s . 11. SOURCES FOR THIS CHAPTER: W here t o g e t f u r t h e r a ssista n c e . a. A b erco m b ie, T. R .: D r a w in g . A p p lied A r c h i t e c t u r a l B ru c e P u b l i s h i n g C o . , M ilw a u k e e , 1947. b. B u sh , C l i n t o n V .: D r a w in g . P r o b le m s i n A r c h i t e c t u r a l B ru c e P u b l i s h i n g C o . , M ilw a u k e e , 1946. c. F r y k l u n d , V erne C . , and K e p l e r , F r a n k R . : G eneral D r a f tin g . M cK night & M c K n i g h t . , B lo o m in g to n , I l l i n o i s , C. ACTIVITY ASSIGNMENTS: 1938. P ro je c ts to g e t your p la n sy m b o ls i n w o r k i n g o r d e r . 1. Draw t h e p l a n s y m b o ls to t h e e x a c t d i m e n s i o n s o f E x h i b i t L. 2. Draw t h e p l a n s y m b o ls t o th e s c a l e 3 /8 in c h e s e q u a l 1 fo o t. 3. Draw t h e p l a n sy m b o ls f o r t h e home y o u p l a n t o b u ild . 4. S tu d y a l l th e p a r t s o f E x h ib i t L. C lo se y o u r book a n d f o r memory s k e t c h t h e p a r t s o f t h e p l a n s y m b o l s . D. EVALUATION: A r a t i n g s c a l e t o m easure your m a s te ry o f p l a n sy m b o l d r a w i n g . (M ark 5 i f th e ite m ra n k s in th e t o p 10 p e r c e n t o f t h e c l a s s , 4 i f i t r a n k s b e t w e e n t h e t o p 25 a n d 10 p e r c e n t , 3 i f i t r a n k s b e tw ee n th e u p p e r 50 a n d 25 p e r c e n t , 2 i f i t r a n k s b e tw e e n th e l o w e r 25 a n d 50 p e r c e n t , and 1 i f i t r a n k s b e lo w th e l o w e r 25 p e r c e n t o f t h e c l a s s . ) 1. ( ) ACCURACY: M e asu re a l l p a r t s w ith th e s c a l e . C heck f o r a c c u r a c y b y c o m p a r in g m e a s u r e m e n ts w ith th e b l u e p r i n t. 2. ( ) LETTERING: 3. ( ) DIMENSIONS AND ARROWS: 4. ( ) CLEANLINESS: 5. ( ) TEXTURE OP LINES: ( ) TOTAL POINTS GIVEN. 75 PART I I I . HOW TO MAKE YOUR PLANS READY FOR INSPECTION I f your p la n s have fo llo w e d th e d i r e c ti o n s of th is c o u rs e th e y w i l l p a s s a b u i ld in g d e p artm e n t i n s p e c t i o n . You now n e e d t o o n l y d u p l i c a t e t h e s e p l a t e s i n o r d e r t o p r e s e n t th em t o y o u r l o c a l b u i l d i n g o f f i c e # A t t h e same t im e y o u w i l l h a v e p e r m a n e n t p l a n s t h a t y o u may k e e p f o r a l o n g p e r io d u n t i l you a re a b le t o f i n a n c e y o u r b u i ld i n g s t r u c t u r e . How w o u ld y o u l i k e t o l e a r n t o make b l u e p r i n t s ? The n e x t tw o c h a p t e r s w i l l b r i n g y o u r c o n s t r u c t i o n p l a n s t o a f i n a l re a lity . 76 CHAPTER 1 3 . HOW TO MAKE TRACINGS OF YOUR COUNTRY COTTAGE A. MOTIVATION: R e w a rd s t h a t w i l l come f r o m a c c u r a t e l y d raw n t r a c i n g s . 1. EVENTUAL BLUEPRINTS: T ra c in g s w i l l o f f e r you th e m ean s f o r m a k in g b l u e p r i n t s . 2. A GOOD IMPRESSION: W ell d ra w n t r a c i n g s w i l l g i v e a p r o f e s s i o n a l a p p e a ra n c e t o y o u r w ork. B. DIRECTIONS: 1. S u g g e s t i o n s on how t o d ra w t h e b e s t t r a c i n g s . How t o s e t u p a p e n c i l t r a c i n g . a. P la c e t h e t r a c i n g p a p e r o v e r th e d raw in g t o be tra c e d . b. P u t s c o t c h t a p e on e a c h c o r n e r o f y o u r t r a c i n g to anchor i t c. t o y o u r d ra w in g b o a r d . T race th e o u t li n e o f th e p l a t e on t h e tra c in g pap er. d. Go o v e r t h e e n t i r e d r a w i n g w i t h a g r a d e H p e n c i l , m a k in g a l l t h e l i n e s 2. a dense b la c k . How t o make a c o n t r a s t b e tw e e n l i n e s . a. Make t h e v i s i b l e o u tlin e s th e h e a v i e s t by u s i n g a b l u n t and r o u n d e d p e n c i l p o i n t . b. Draw t h e v i s i b l e c. R o t a t e t h e p e n c i l b e tw e e n t h e f i n g e r s as th e l in e s o u t l i n e a l l t h e same w i d t h . slo w ly a r e d raw n t o p r e v e n t t h e w e a r i n g of a f l a t p o in t. d. Use a s h a r p e r p o i n t f o r t h e i n v i s i b l e l i n e s . e. U se t h e 2 H p e n c il fo r c e n te r lin e s and d im e n sio n l i n e s , f. Keep t h e p e n c i l s h a r p b y c o n s t a n t d r e s s i n g on th e f i l e g. o r sandpaper* H old t h e p e n c i l n e a r l y p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e p a p e r a n d b e a r down h a r d e r t h a n y o u u s u a l l y do when m a k in g p e n c i l d r a w i n g s . How t o a v o i d sm u d g in g s o f t p e n c i l l i n e s . a. E x e r t s u f f i c i e n t p r e s s u r e on t h e p e n c i l t o in d e n t th e tr a c in g p ap er s l i g h t l y . b. A v o id s l i d i n g t h e t r i a n g l e o v e r t h e d r a w i n g . c. E x ert a l i t t l e downward p r e s s u r e on t h e h e a d o f t h e T - s q u a r e a s y o u move i t b a c k an d f o r t h , to l i f t How t o f i l l a. t h e b l a d e f ro m t h e p a p e r . th e pen. H o ld t h e p e n b e tw e e n t h e thumb a n d i n d e x f i n g e r o f one h a n d w i t h t h e b. p o i n t down. I n s e r t th e p o in t o f th e in k f i l l e d q u ill b e tw e e n t h e n i b s o f t h e p e n . c. S lig h tly tw is t th e q u i l l to r e le a s e th e in k . d. T o u ch t h e t i p o f th e l i t t l e fin g e rs to g e th e r to s te a d y th e h a n d s. e. Do n o t a llo w any in k t o g e t on t h e o u t s id e o f th e n ib s* f. H ave a s m a l l c l o t h on h a n d t o w ip e a n y d r i p p i n g s * How t o r u l e l i n e s i n i n k * a. S e t th e pen to g iv e th e w id th or w e ig h t o f l i n e d e s i r e d by a d j u s t i n g t h e s p a c e b e tw e e n th e n i b s b y m eans o f t h e thumb s c r e w . b. H o ld t h e p e n a g a i n s t t h e s t r a i g h t e d g e w i t h j u s t enough p r e s s u r e t o keep i t i n c o n ta c t* c. H o ld t h e p e n p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e p a p e r w i t h th e u p p e r edge i n c l i n e d s l i g h t l y i n th e d i r e c t i o n o f m o tio n . d* R u le h o r i z o n t a l l i n e s fr o m l e f t t o r i g h t a n d a l l v e r t i c a l l i n e s fr o m b o t t o m t o w a r d s t h e t o p . e. R u le i n c l i n e d l i n e s w ith t h e p e n m ov in g away from t h e b ody. f. C lea n th e p en f r e q u e n t l y so t h a t th e p o i n t i s n o t c lo g g e d w ith d r i e d i n k . g. Wipe t h e p a p e r c l e a n f ro m a l l d u s t , d i r t a n d lin t. h. Do n o t p r e s s t h e p e n t o o h a r d a g a i n s t t h e s t r a i g h t edge. i. A lw ays c l e a n t h e p e n b e f o r e p u t t i n g i t INKING: How t o f o l l o w a p r o c e d u r e f o r i n k i n g y o u r d ra w in g . a. aw ay. Draw t h e c e n t e r l i n e s . b. I n k i n t h e a r c s and c i r c l e s * c. Draw t h e v i s i b l e h o r i z o n t a l l i n e s . d. F i l l in th e v i s i b le v e r t i c a l l i n e s . e. In clu d e th e i n v i s i b l e f. Draw t h e i n v i s i b l e h o r i z o n t a l , in c lin e d lin e s , g. a r c s and c i r c l e s . v e r t i c a l and i n th e o rd e r m en tio n ed . I n c lu d e t h e a r r o w s , f i g u r e s and o t h e r l e t t e r i n g . How t o make y o u r i n k t r a c i n g . a. C
